United States v. Lyons’s Empirical Analysis
486 F.3d 367 · 2007
Citation profile
14 federal appellate · 3 district · 14 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 39 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably State v. Stover (2012), United States v. Thompson (2008)
14 federal appellate · 3 district · 14 state decisions — followed in 10 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Ornelas v. United States · United States v. Sokolow · United States v. Arvizu · Illinois v. Caballes
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 39 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Appellants do not cite to any authority that holds that the officers had the affirmative duty to close the windows in preparation for the dog sniff, and we find none.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] trained dog's alert from areas where the motorist has no legitimate expectation of privacy-the exterior of the car or the interior of the car that the motorist has voluntarily exposed to the dog-provides sufficient probable cause to search the interior. But where there is evidence that it is not the driver but the officers who have "create[d] the opportunity for a drug dog to go where the officer himself cannot go," the Fourth Amendment protects the driver's right to privacy to the interior compartment until the dog alerts from the exterior of the car.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“instinctive actions of a trained canine do not violate the Fourth Amendment,”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.