United States v. Jordan’s Empirical Analysis
49 F.3d 152 · 1995
Citation profile
33 federal appellate · 6 district · 14 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 107 later decisions — most recently April 2025 · most notably 194 W. Va. 97 - Tennant v. Marion Health Care Foundation, Inc. (1995), United States v. Edwards (2002)
33 federal appellate · 6 district · 14 state decisions — followed in 10 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 455
Relies on Liteky et al United States · In the Matters of Lee Roy Murchison and John Whites · Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp. · Brewster v. Derwinski · Commissioner v. Engle
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 107 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the well-informed, thoughtful and objective observer, rather than the hypersensitive, cynical, and suspicious person”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. People v. Owens · Ex Parte Ellis“in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“an observer of our judicial system is less likely to credit judges' impartiality than the judiciary”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.