¶1Dyer sued Tyler for labor done in and about his saw-mill work. The defense was that one Luther Gordon was the person to whom Dyer was to look for pay, and that if Tyler was liable Dyer had been paid by Gordon. The chief controversy was whether Tyler was liable at all under the hiring.
¶2It appeared that Gordon had owned the mill, and during his ownership had employed Dyer, and paid him largely out ■of 1ns store; — keeping a running account with him for work ■and wages, as well as some other items. Gordon sold the mill to Tyler and took his notes for a part or all of the purchase price. He agreed with Tyler to furnish him logs for sawing, which sawing and piling were to be paid for at $2.50 a thousand, and this price was to be applied on the notes and for mill expenses. Tyler employed Dyer, as is claimed, on the same terms as he was formerly employed on, and it is also claimed he was to get his pay from Gordon. An account was kept up on Gordon’s books, and Dyer was both charged with articles furnished and credited with labor as well as ■other things. The main question was whether Tyler was exonerated and Gordon the real debtor. The jury found *368otherwise and Tyler claims the court'did not properly charge them.
¶3In order to see how this was it becomes necessary to examine into the real nature of the relations of these parties. The court below, against Tyler’s objections, • held among other things that the contract between Gordon and Tyler did not by its terms declare who should handle the funds in the management of the business, and that unless Gordon was brought into direct contract relations with Dyer, Tyler was not discharged. We are very much inclined to think this charge was too favorable to Tyler. It certainly did him no wrong.
¶4By the express terms of this agreement Tyler was to do Gordon’s sawing and to be paid for it. The price was his, and to be used for his benefit. Part of it was to pay his •notes, and part of it was to be applied by some one on expenses. But it would do violence to the language of the agreement to consider these expenses as those of any one but Tyler. If they were, then he certainly was not doing the work for which he was to receive $2.50 a thousand. That sum was to be his reward for sawing. It was not for the use of his mill for sawing to'be done by some one else. The contract on its face — giving it the broadest possible interpretation in favor of Gordon's right to handle the money, was like many railroad and other contracts where one party reserves the right to ¡say the other’s laborers — not because he becomes their employer, but to make himself more secure against the non-performance of work which he wishes to have done and is willing to pay for. There is nothing in such a contract which makes the party reserving such a right the employer of the men, or which exonerates the employer from his obligation to pay them himself. All payments so made are paid by virtue of agency, and on the employer’s account. There is nothing in this record tending to show that Tyler employed Dyer as Gordon’s agent, or that the sawing was Gordon’s business. Neither is the agreement referred to one which bound Gordon to pay employees. The saw-mill was to be employed in paying notes as well as expenses, and the writing does not compel Gordon, if he is to apply, the *369-money, to pay tbe expenses in preference to tbe notes, or ¡to pay all the expenses.
¶5If Tyler was Dyer’s employer, then Gordon could only he made liable by some agreement in writing whereby he became collaterally responsible, or by some complete and lawful obligation by which for a valuable consideration it was agreed -between all parties that his liability should be substituted. If Gordon made no contract with Dyer to take Tyler’s place in the liability, Tyler must certainly continue liable. Somebody must be in contract relations with Dyer and bound to ;pay him.
¶6"We do not find anything in the case tending to prove any •such substitution of liability, and therefore there is nothing to exonerate Tyler from responsibility for any part of the ■debt not actually paid by Gordon. The court, so far as we can gather from the record, was overliberal in allowing the case to go to the jury at all on any theory that Tyler ever ■ceased to be subject .to liability for unpaid debts. The charge was not one of which he can complain.
¶7Upon the question of actual payment, we do not think the charge open to any criticism. It presented all the questions to the jury fairly and fully, and gave Tyler the benefit of any possible interpretation of testimony bearing in his favor. There is little in the alleged errors that is not based on the idea of Tyler’s becoming exonerated from personal responsibility, and what has been said on this subject already disposes of all such considerations. It can make no difference in what way the accounts were kept on Gordon’s ■books with Dyer, if he did not actually, in such accounting receive pay for his labor. The mingling of items would not make it difficult to determine this if the items themselves were properly entered. And without some agreement to -that effect Gordon could not apply his private account •against Dyer on his labor claim against Tyler.
¶8We find nothing in the rulings or evidence that seems, under these views, to demand further attention. ■ We think no -error appears, and the judgment must be affirmed with costs.