Morrow v. Crisler’s Empirical Analysis
491 F.2d 1053 · 1974
Citation profile
96 federal appellate · 1 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 127 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2000 · most notably Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers' International Ass'n v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1986), James v. Stockham Valves & Fittings Co. (1977)
96 federal appellate · 1 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1973B (§ 4 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000D · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc. · Eisenstadt v. Baker · United States v. Radio Television News Directors Ass'n
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 127 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(t)here being no question that the Highway Patrol has historically engaged in unconstitutional discrimination in the employment of patrolmen, the only question that brought this case En banc is whether the District Court ordered sufficient affirmative relief to eradicate the State's unconstitutional employment practices and their effects.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The Constitution is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race. In that sense, the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Morrow v. Dillard“unable to concur in the (majority) opinion's approval of racial hiring quotas or a freeze on white hiring as remedies appropriate for application by the district court. That they would be effective is plain. That they are constitutional . . . (is) less so.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Morrow v. Dillard
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.