United States v. Boyd’s Empirical Analysis
491 F.2d 1163 · 1973
Citation profile
22 federal appellate · 4 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 41 later decisions — most recently April 2005 · most notably Hercules Incorporated v. Environmental Protection Agency, Velsicol Chemical Corporation v. Douglas M. Costle, Administrator, United States Environmental Protection Agency (1978), 86 Wash. 2d 310 - Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Department of Ecology (1976)
22 federal appellate · 4 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 33 U.S.C. § 1151
Relies on Connally v. General Construction Co. · United States v. James Griggs Raines · Gray v. Powell · Commissioner v. Acker · Pacific States Box & Basket Co. v. White
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 41 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““For purposes of section 11(b) of the Federal Act, discharges of such quantities of oil into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines determined to be harmful to the public health or welfare of the United States . . . include discharges which: “(a) Violate applicable water quality standards, or “(b) Cause a film or sheen upon or discoloration of the surface of the water or adjoining shorelines or cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or upon adjoining shorelines.””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““(a) Violate applicable water quality standards, or (b) Cause a film or sheen upon or discoloration of the surface of the water or adjoining shorelines or cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or upon adjoining shorelines.” ( 40 C.F.R. § 110.3 )”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““As a practical matter, the sheen test is more appropriate than, for example, a numerical test, or a determination that a ‘substantial’ amount of spilled oil is harmful. A numerical test creates not only the inherent difficulty of accurate observation as to the quantity discharged, it also may spawn an incentive to be inaccurate so as to avoid the obligation of reporting. Moreover, if the term ‘substantial’ were used, there would be endless confusion over its meaning.” United States v. Boyd, supra at 1168.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.