IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NOS. WR-84,786-01 & 84,786-02
EX PARTE JEFFREY SHAWN POINTER, Applicant
ON APPLICATIONS FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
CAUSE NOS. CR07-300A & CR07-301-A IN THE 235TH DISTRICT COURT
FROM COOKE COUNTY
Y EARY, J., filed a concurring opinion in which K EASLER, H ERVEY, and N EWELL,
JJ., joined.
CONCURRING OPINION
It has long been the Court’s practice to require convicting courts to appoint counsel
to indigent applicants for post-conviction habeas corpus relief whenever we remand the writ
application for a formal evidentiary hearing. We have typically done so without citing any
particular authority—other than the statute that generally sets out the procedure for
appointing counsel for criminal trials and appeals. T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 26.04. A
complaint has now been registered that it is misleading for us to authorize counsel under
these circumstances because it implies that an indigent applicant is not entitled to counsel
POINTER — 2
under any other circumstances, contrary to the evident legislative purpose behind Article
1.051, Section (d)(3) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art.
1.051, § (d)(3). Concurring Opinion at 2. I write to address this concern.
Indigent post-conviction applicants for habeas corpus relief are not constitutionally
entitled to the assistance of counsel. Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 555 (1987);
Murray v. Giarratano,
492 U.S. 1, 10 (1989). Their criminal trials are over, and appellate
review has been exhausted. Any right to state-financed court-appointed counsel for purposes
of initiating and prosecuting a separate habeas corpus proceedings is purely a matter of
legislative grace.1 In Texas, the Legislature has indeed stepped in and provided a qualified
entitlement to post-conviction habeas counsel by way of Article 1.051, Section (d)(3) of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides:
(d) An eligible indigent defendant is entitled to have the trial court
appoint an attorney to represent him in the following appellate and
postconviction habeas corpus matters:
…
(3) a habeas corpus proceeding if the court concludes that
the interests of justice require representation.
T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 1.051, § (d)(3) (emphasis added). But what, exactly, does this
1
Cf. In re Hall, 286 S.W.3d 925, 927-28 (Tex. 2009) (recognizing that there is no
constitutional right to counsel in collateral post-conviction proceedings and inquiring whether a
juvenile offender has a statutory right to counsel).
POINTER — 3
statutory “entitlement” amount to? Perhaps more importantly, how and when is it triggered? 2
In non-death-penalty cases, there is no statutory provision that expressly authorizes
the appointment of counsel to assist an indigent inmate in the investigation and preparation
of a post-conviction application for writ of habeas corpus seeking relief from a felony
conviction.3 This is so even though the investigation and pleading may be the most crucial
2
It has been suggested elsewhere that Article 1.051, Section (d)(3), and Article 11.07,
Section 3(d), together “provide an adequate basis upon which to conclude that appointment of
counsel is required in any case in which either the pleadings or the face of the record gives rise to
a colorable, non-frivolous claim for which legal expertise is required in order to ensure that the claim
is afforded meaningful consideration.” Ex parte Garcia, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. WR-83,681-01, 2016
WL 1358947 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 6, 2016), at *__ (Alcala, J., dissenting). Section 3(d) of Article
11.07 authorizes the convicting court to “appoint an attorney or a magistrate to hold a hearing and
make findings of fact.” I am doubtful that this language was meant to actually authorize appointment
of an attorney for the purpose of representing the habeas applicant. It seems more likely to have been
intended to authorize the appointment of an attorney to preside over any hearing, and then prepare
findings of fact, much as a magistrate might do. As for Article 1.051, Section (d)(3), while it might
indeed be construed to “provide an adequate basis to conclude” that appointment of counsel is
necessary under a particular set of circumstances, that is not exactly the same as determining whether
that is in fact what the Legislature intended the statute to do.
3
By contrast, our death penalty post-conviction habeas statute expressly requires the
appointment of counsel for indigent applicants to investigate and prepare post-conviction
applications for writ of habeas corpus in death penalty cases. TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 11.071,
§ 3(a). Indeed, Article 11.071 presumes that every death penalty will be followed by a post-conviction habeas application, and it contains a built-in mechanism for the appointment of counsel
to investigate and prepare it. Id. § 2. See also, McFarland v. Scott, 512 U.S. 849, 855 (1994) (under
the federal statute governing appointed counsel in capital cases, “Congress . . . established a right
to preapplication legal assistance for capital defendants in federal habeas corpus proceedings”).
Article 11.07 embodies no similar presumption that every felony conviction will be followed by a
post-conviction writ application, and neither Article 11.07, nor Article 1.051(d)(3), contains a
comparable mechanism to automatically trigger the involvement of counsel in investigating and
preparing a post-conviction writ application.
As of 2015, however, the Legislature enacted Article 11.074, and expressly made it
retroactive. Acts 2015, 84th Leg., ch. 608, §§ 1 & 2, p. 2030, eff. June 16, 2015. Under Article
11.074, at the State’s behest, the convicting court “shall appoint an attorney” to an indigent inmate
“for purposes of filing an application for a writ of habeas corpus” when the State “represents” that
POINTER — 4
stage of all, since an application will be routinely denied if it fails even to allege facts which,
if true, would entitle the applicant to relief. Ex parte Whisenant, 443 S.W.3d 930, 932 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2014). The incarcerated inmate can hardly be expected to conduct the
investigation for himself, and he will not ordinarily be equipped to distinguish those claims
that are cognizable from those that are not under our habeas corpus jurisprudence.
Even so, Article 1.051, Section (d)(3) does not seem to contemplate appointment of
counsel at this preliminary investigation/preparation stage. After all, unless and until a habeas
application has been filed, how can the convicting court know that a lawsuit has been
initiated such that the “interests of justice” may “require representation”? Indeed, there is no
“habeas corpus proceeding” at all for purposes of the statute until the application itself has
been filed. See T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 1.051, § (d)(3) (providing for appointment of
counsel for indigent applicants in “a habeas corpus proceeding”). So, it does not appear that
the Legislature intended that counsel should be appointed for the investigation and
preparation of a non-death-penalty post-conviction application for writ of habeas corpus. Cf.
Hernandez v. State, 530 S.W.2d 563, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (due process does not
require the appointment of counsel “for the investigation of possible habeas corpus attacks”).
For this reason, the statute does not contemplate that either the convicting court or this Court
the inmate is not guilty, is guilty only of a lesser offense, or has been convicted or sentenced under
a law that was later declared to be unconstitutional. To this limited extent, then, an inmate in a non-death-penalty case may be statutorily entitled to the appointment of counsel for purposes of
investigating, preparing, and “filing” his initial writ application—but only upon the “representation”
of the State.
POINTER — 5
should become involved in scanning “the face of the record” on a habeas corpus applicant’s
behalf in a quest to identify any “colorable, non-frivolous claims for which legal expertise
is required[.]” Ex parte Garcia, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. WR-83,681-01, 2016 WL 1358947
(Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 6, 2016), at *__ (Alcala, J., dissenting).
Once a post-conviction writ application has been filed, the next step in the “habeas
corpus proceeding” is for the convicting court to evaluate the pleading. Many will prove
insufficient, even when read liberally, to make out a cognizable claim for habeas corpus
relief. The interests of justice do not demand that the convicting court appoint counsel to
pursue an application that must be denied for failure to make a prima facie case for habeas
corpus relief.
If, on the other hand, an application does allege facts which, if true, might entitle the
applicant to relief, the next step for the convicting court is to identify material contested
issues and initiate any necessary factual development. T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 11.07, §
3(d). The convicting court may resort to various means of developing the record and
resolving the facts, including “affidavits, depositions, interrogatories, additional forensic
testing, and hearings, as well as personal recollection.” Id. Some claims may be resolved
simply enough without the involvement of appointed counsel. Whether the “interests of
justice require representation” by counsel at this stage seems to me to be case-dependent, and
the statute calls upon the convicting court to determine, at least in the first instance, whether
the assistance of counsel is necessary to assure the fullness and fairness of that process given
POINTER — 6
the nature of the allegations and the ready availability of adequate means to resolve the
disputed issues.
The interests of justice do not invariably require the appointment of counsel. For
example, convicting courts often order trial counsel to file affidavits to respond to facially
plausible claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, and such claims may be either
established or refuted, to the satisfaction of the convicting court, on the basis of limited
factual development. The same may be true of a colorable Brady claim 4 —a simple affidavit
from the trial prosecutor may suffice to resolve the claim, either pro or con. Even a claim of
actual innocence may be sufficiently straightforward that a simple forensic test will serve to
support or refute it, without the necessity of involving appointed counsel to represent the
indigent inmate.
Of course, many cases will prove more complex—legally, factually, or both. In truly
complex cases, the indigent inmate may have difficulty marshaling his case pro se. It may
very well be that in such cases the better—even the more expedient—course of action for the
convicting court to take is to appoint counsel to the indigent inmate to grease the wheels of
justice. The more complicated the case, legally or factually, the more that counsel may be
needed to provide a counterbalance to the inevitable pressure exerted by the State’s legal
representative to deny relief, assist the convicting court in comprehending and properly
revolving the issues, and assure that the applicant receives his one full and fair bite at the
4
See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (prosecutorial suppression of exculpatory
evidence violates due process).
POINTER — 7
post-conviction habeas corpus apple. Especially with the advent of the legislative
codification of the abuse of the writ doctrine, T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 11.07, § 4, the
interests of justice may well demand the appointment of counsel to represent an indigent
inmate in these more complex cases.5
Because this Court is the court of return in post-conviction habeas proceedings, T EX.
C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 11.07, § 3(a), we have the authority to remand any given habeas
proceeding for further fact development, with the assistance of appointed counsel, in any case
in which it seems to us that “the interests of justice” require it. That is to say, we may remand
to permit the indigent applicant to have appointed counsel in any writ proceeding forwarded
to us in which it is apparent from the nature and specifics of the particular case that the
assistance of counsel is necessary to assure complete and accurate factual development
below. However, we should not presume that every post-conviction habeas corpus
proceeding will require such representation—even those that raise a “colorable, non-
frivolous” claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. And, while pleadings filed by pro
se applicants should indeed be construed liberally, that does not mean we should impose an
5
Moreover, once counsel has been appointed for the indigent post-conviction habeas
applicant in these more complex cases, counsel would be available to amend or supplement the pro
se initial writ application to cure any potential deficiencies in the initial pleading or to supply a
memorandum of law in support, as permitted in non-capital writ applications. See Ex parte Saenz,
___ S.W.3d ___, No. WR-80,945-01, 2016 WL 1359214, at *4 (Tex. Crim. App. del. Apr. 6, 2016)
(“In general, when an applicant files amended or supplemental pleadings raising additional claims
before we have disposed of his pending application, we consider the merits of his claims, so long
as the pleadings comply with the rules and procedures in Article 11.07 and Rule of Appellate
Procedure 73.1, and so long as the claims are otherwise cognizable and ripe for review.”).
POINTER — 8
obligation on convicting courts to scour the record for any sign of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel whenever an applicant might plead—or simply allude to—it, however inartfully.
After all, habeas corpus is an extraordinary remedy. The effect of post-conviction
habeas corpus relief is to upset society’s hard-won conviction—a conviction that in many
cases has already survived the rigorous scrutiny of an appeal. The State has a legitimate
interest in the maintaining the finality of such convictions. It would be anomalous to involve
judges too directly in a process the ultimate goal of which is to undermine a result which the
criminal justice system has already endeavored so strenuously to achieve. In this context, as
much as (if not more than) any other, the quintessential role of the judge is to arbitrate, not
to instigate—and certainly not to advocate.
In our remand orders, we often instruct the convicting court that, if it should choose
to undertake factual development by way of an evidentiary hearing, then it “shall appoint an
attorney to represent Applicant at the hearing.” Though we do not cite Article 1.051, Section
(d)(3), I presume that the Court’s order in this regard represents our contingent judgment
that, in the event the convicting court is persuaded that a claim is sufficiently substantial or
complex so that the best means to develop the facts and resolve disputes is by way of live
testimonial evidence, including cross-examination of witnesses, then the interests of justice
require the assistance of counsel for the indigent inmate. But the order is not meant to
prohibit the convicting court from appointing counsel otherwise, in its discretion, pursuant
to Article 1.051, Section (d)(3), should it conclude that the interests of justice require it for
POINTER — 9
the sorts of reasons I have suggested above.
With these observations, I join the Court’s order.
FILED: June 8, 2016
PUBLISH
