Washington v. Klem’s Empirical Analysis
497 F.3d 272 · 2007
Citation profile
14 federal appellate · 7 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 77 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2024 · most notably 135 S. Ct. 853 - Holt v. Hobbs (2015), Nelson v. Miller (2009)
14 federal appellate · 7 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 28 U.S.C. § 1331 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000B · 42 U.S.C. § 2000C · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Sherbert v. Verner · Employment Division Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. L Smith · City of Boerne v. Flores · Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division · City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 77 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“1) a follower is forced to choose between following the precepts of his religion and forfeiting benefits otherwise generally available to other inmates versus abandoning one of the precepts of his religion in order to receive a benefit; OR 2) the government puts substantial pressure on an adherent to substantially modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“is the least restrictive means of furthering [the alleged] compelling ... interest[s].”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Holt v. Hobbs · Thompson v. Smeal“[T]he phrase 'least restrictive means' is, by definition, a relative term. It necessarily implies a comparison with other means”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.