¶1Indictment against the defendant below for the murder of his wife. Plea, not guilty. Petition for a change of venue refused. Verdict for the state. Motion for a new trial overruled, and judgment on the verdict.
¶2The errors assigned are, 1. That the defendant’s petition for a change of venue should have been granted; 2. That certain instructions to the jury asked for by the defendant and refused, ought to have been given.
¶3It has been decided at this term, in a case like the present, that the refusal of the Court to change the venue cannot be assigned for error. Findley v. The State.
¶4In examining the second error assigned, it must be noticed that the evidence is all circumstantial. The following is the first instruction refused: “Every circumstance material in this case must also be proved beyond a rational doubt, or it is the duty of the jury to discard such circumstance in making up their verdict.” This instruction ought to have been given. We think that if the jury, in making up their minds from circumstantial evidence, have a rational doubt as to the existence of any one of the material circumstances attempted to be proved, that circumstance ought not to have any influence with them in forming their opinion respecting the guilt or innocence of the defendant; or, in the language of the instruction asked, the jury ought, in such case, “to discard such circumstance in making up their verdict.” Mr. Starkie says that it appears to be essential to circumstantial proof, that the circumstances from which the conclusion is drawn should be fully established. If the basis be unsound, the *581superstructure cannot be secure. The party upon whom" the burthen of proof rests, is bound to prove every single circumstance which is essential to the conclusion, in the same manner and to the same extent as if the whole issue had rested upon the proof of each individual and essential circumstance. 1 Stark. Ev. 571. These remarks are evidently correct; and they show that the instruction under consideration ought to have been given.
¶5The following is the second instruction refused: “If the jury believe, from all the circumstances proved in the case, that a pei’son other than the defendant might have murdered the wife of the defendant, or she might have destroyed her own life, and all such circumstances thus proved would be consistent with such a supposition, they ought to find their verdict in favour of the defendant, although they might believe the defendant more likely to be the murderer than any other person.” There may be some doubt as to the exact meaning of this instruction. If it mean, that if the jury believed from the evidence, that it was possible some other person than the defendant committed the murder, they ought to find for him, no matter how strong, consistent with such possibility, the evidence might be for the state, the instruction was correctly refused. It appears to us that the instruction is so worded, that the jury might have understood it in the sense which we have mentioned, and in which it is objectionable.
¶6The following is the third instruction refused: “ Circumstantial evidence to be sufficient for a conviction in this case, ought to be of a conclusive tendency; that is, its tendency ought to be not only to convince the minds of the jury of the guilt of the defendant, but to exclude the supposition either that the deceased destroyed her own life, or that a person other than the defendant committed the murder.” Considering this instruction to mean, that the evidence in the case should tend to convince the jury of the defendant’s guilt, and to exclude every supposition inconsistent with his guilt, there is no reason that the state should object to it.
¶7The last instruction refused is as follows: “In cases of alleged murder proved alone by circumstances, if those circumstances are not conclusive as to the guilt of the defendant, *582there ought to be a motive, and that a strong one, proved, which might have impelled the defendant to commit the act; and if such proof is not .made, the jury ought to acquit the defendant.” We'think the jury might have understood, .by this instruction, that if the evidence did not show the defendant’s guilt with absolute certainty, they must acquit him, unless there was proof that he had a strong motive to commit the murder.- And if the instruction, might be so understood by the jury, it was rightly refused. We consider the following language on the subject, by the writer to whom we have already' referred,’ as correct. — “The legal test is the sufficiency of the evidence to satisfy the understanding and conscience of the jury. On the oné hand, absolute, metaphysical, and demonstrative certainty, is not essentiafto proof by circumstance's. It is sufficient if they produce moral certainty to the exclusion of every, reasonable doubt;” 1‘Stark. ¡ Ev. 577. It is easy to conceive that the evidence in the case now before us, might not be sufficient to produce,; on the minds of the, jury, an absolute certainty of the defendant’s guilt,1 nor to prove-that he had ány motive to commit the crime charged, and yet it might be strong enough to satisfy the jury, beyond a reasonable- doubt, that he was guilty. It appears to- us, therefore, that there was no error in refusing this instruction. ■ '
¶8We have.not considered how the second and last of these' instructions would be understood by a member of the legal profession, as it is a" sufficient objection to them, that they might convey to the mind of an unprofessional man of ordinary capacity, an incorrect1 view of the law applicable to the cause. ■ . -
¶9The record shows that a general charge"was.given to the. jury, but we are not informed what it was. ' . -
¶10The judgment is reversed, and the verdict set aside Cause remanded, &c.