Bt'RLEIJH
v.
TOWN OF ROCHESTEH.
667
pany. No authority is cited for the proposition that the demurrer of one defendant can be held to be overruled by the plea of another defendant, and no argument is offered in support of the motion. It is denied. The plaintiffs also move for an order that the plea of the Kansas Pacific Railway Company be 'overruled the ground that the answer covers the whole bill, and that the pleas in bar pray judgment whether the said defendant shall be compelled to make any further answer to the amended bill. OIl the authority of the cases of Ferguson v.O'Har-ra, Pet. C. q. R. 493; Stearns v. Page, 1 Story, 204:; and Bages v. Dayton, 18 O. G. 1406, the motion must be granted, and the plea must be stricken out. The demurrers allowed are allowed with costs, hut the plaintiffs may, under rule 55 in equity, move for leave to amend their bill.
BURLEIGH,
Executrix, etc., v.
THE TOWN OF ROOHESTER.
(Circuit Court, E. D. Wisconsin.
January, 1881.)
A statute provided that certain town bonds were to be sigctld by the chairman of the board of supervisors, and countersigned by the town clerk. Held, where such bonds appeared to have been issued b: strict conformity with the requirements of the statute, that the presumption would be that they were issued under the authority of the board of supervisors. 2. SAME-NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS.
Certain instruments, not under seal, called" town of Rochester bonds," declared that the town had caused these presents to be signed by the chairman of the board of supervisors, and countersigned, as required, by the town clerk thereof; and the form of the ohligation was that the town of Rochester is justly indebted and promises to pay to the order of the Fox River Valley.Railroad Company the sum of $500, with interest as set forth in the coupons. Held, under the decisions of the supreme court of the United States, that these instruments were essentially'promissory notes of the town of Rochester, and negotiable as such ordinary promissory notes under the law merchant.
668
FEDERAL REPORTER.
3. SAME-VALIDITY-CHANGE OF JUDICIAL RULING. Held,further, that if such bonds constituted a valid contract when made, as the law and the constitution were then expounded by the supreme court of the state, that it did not cease to be such because the highest court of the state had afterwards changed its ruling. Gelpke v. City of Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175. 4. WISCONSIN-STATUTE OF LrnrTATIONS.-[ED.
DRUMMOND,
C. J. The law and facts of this case, by stipu-
lation between the parties, have been left to the court. The suit was originally brought in the state court, and transferred to this court. It is an action on four bonds of $500 each, numbered 5, 6, 7, and 8, issued by the defendant, and made payable to the Fox River Valley Railroad Company, on the first of November, 1856, under the authority of an act of the legislature of March 15, 1856, and found in chapter 188 of the Local and Private Laws of Wisconsin of that year. That act authorized several towns in the county of Racine, Rochester among others, to subscribe to the capital stock of the Fox River Valley Railroad Company, and pay for the same, in the bonds of the town,-the town of Rochester,-the sum of $15,000. The only objection taken to the bonds as not being in accordance with the statute is that they do not appear to have been issued by the board of supervisors. The seventh section of the statute declared that the bonds were to be signed by the chairman of the board of supervisors, and countersigned by the town clerk; and these bonds appear to be strictly in conformity with the requirements of the statute; and the presumption must be that they were issued under the authority of the board of supervisors. John M. Thompson was a contractor on the railroad, and these bonds were indorsed and transferred to him by the rail. road company in payment for work done upon the road. There is much conflict in the testimony as to the subsequent disposition and ownership of these bonds. They were at one time held by the Bank of Alfred, Maine, as collateral security for a loan made to Thompson; and in consequence of that indebtedness being discharged or satisfied by Jeremiah M. Mason, the bonds appear to have come into his hands.
BURLEIGH V. TOWN OF ROCHESTER.
669
Although Thompson used the bonds as his own, and gave them as collateral security to the bank, he claims that they really belonged to his wife; and it appears from the testimony, oral as well as written, that in some transactions which she had with Mason she was regarded as the owner of the bonds. Thompson, who has been examined as a witness, claims that he or his family, his wife being dead, and he being her representative, still retains an interest in the bonds; but I think the weight of the evidence must be considered to be in favor of the conclusion that he and his wife parted with. their interest in the bonds as early as 1868, and that the entire ownership of the bonds was in Mason when he transferred them to John H. Burleigh, through the agency of John Hall, in the fall of 1875. Thompson insists that by an arrangement between himself and Mason, there still being a joint ownership between them in the bonds, they were transferred to Burleigh without his really having any interest in them, but simply for the purpose of their being in the hands of a bonafide holder, without any notice of the judicial proceedings which had taken place in relation to them in the courts of Wisconsin, to which reference will presently be made; but I think that the evidence in opposition to this claim of Thompson is so strong that the court must find that Burleigh became the real and not the mere colorable owner of the bonds. Mr. Hall states explicitly that as the agent of Mason he sold the bunds to Burleigh at 25 cents on the dollar, received the money, or its equivalent, and turned it over to Mason; and the fact that Burleigh, in July, 1876, paid to Mr. Carpenter $500, as his counsel, to prosecute the suit in his name on these bonds, and that there is no satisfactory evidence that this money was ever returned to him, either by Mason or Thompson, shows that he considered himself the real and not the nominal owner of the bonds. Whether Mason, at the time that he first purchased these bonds, knew what had taken place in the courts of :Wisconsin, is not, perhaps, entirely clear. He says positively that he had no knowledge whatever upon the subject. Thompson asserts, with equal confidence, that he had full
u70
FEDERAL
'knowledge. But, however this may be, there is no trustworthy evidence that this knowledge was brought home to Burleigh at the time he purchased the bonds in the faU of 1875. A suit was commenced in 1859 in the circuit court of Racine county, Wisconsin, the object of whichwas to obta.in a decree of the court declaxing that these bonds were void, for the reason that at the time they were issued the law of 1856 had not been published, and therefore had not taken . effect as an operative statute. In that case the town of Rochester, the Alfred Bank of Maine, and John H. Thompson wel'e parties, service being had in Wisconsin upon the president of the bank and upon Thompson. They were made parties upon the ground that Thompson was the owner of the bonds, and had pledged them as collateral security for the payment of the debt which he owed to the Alfred Bank. The circuit court of Racine county decreed that the bonds were inoperative and void, and that decree was affirmed by the supreme court of Wisconsin in the case reported in 13 Wis. 4:32, (State v. McArthur.) This decree is admitted by the counsel of the plaintiff to be binding upon the Alfred Bank and upon Thompson, but it is denied that it is upon Mason or upon .Burleigh. It should be stated that before Mason tra nsferled these bonds to Burleigh he brought a suit in his own name in Wisconsin upon them, which was afterwards dismissed, for reasons which are not very fully 01' satisfactorily explained, although it is insisted by the defendant that the reason was because Mason was in no better condition in relation to these bonds than Thompson, as he hl1G. taken them with full knowledge of the decree of the Wisconsin courts. Various defences have been set up in opposition to plaintiff's case. It is claimed, in the first place, that Burleigh was not the real owner, and that in ,any event he was only a part owner of these bonds, Thompson, or his family, being jointly interested with him; and under the laws of Wisconsin, which require that the party really in interest should only bring suit, the plaintiff's action is not maintainable; but, as already stated, this objection must fail, because, under the evidence
BURLEIGH V. TOWN OF ROOHESTER,
G71
as the court finds it, neither Thompsolinbr his family had any interest in these bonds. It. is insisted, in the second place, that the: court has no jurisdiction of the cause,that objection being taken for the first time on the hearing. It is said thfl,t although this action was transferred from the state to the federal court under the 'second section of the act of 1875, that the transfer could not have been made unless the court would have had jurisdiction under the first section of that act. . But conceding, for the sake of the argument, that that is the true construction of the act of 1875, I am of the opinion that the instruments upon which this suit is brought are, under the 'decisions of the supreme court of the United States, essentially promissory notes of the town of Rochester, and negotiable as such like ordinary promissory notes under the law merchant. It is true that they are called "town of Rochester bonds," but they are not issued under the seal of the town, nor indeed is there nny seal whatever. It is simply declared that the town has caused these presents to be signed by the chairman of the board of supervisors, and countersigned, as required, by the town clerk thereof, and the form of the obligation is that the town of Rochester is justly indebted and promises to pay to the order of the Fox River Valley Railroad Company the sum of $500, with interest as set forth in the coupons. It is claimed, in the third place, that the judioial proceedings which have taken plaoe in Wisoonsin upon the bonds are conclusive upon the plaintiff, and that as the oircuit and supreme courts ofWisconsin have found that they were invalid, this court must also so find. By the constitution of Wisconsin, in force at the time this statute became a law, it was rerequired, before any general law took effect, that it should be published; and as there is nothing to show this law was pub. lished until the time certified by the secretary of state, on the third day of December, 1856, the argument is, and was, in the case already referred to, decided by the supreme court of Wisconsin, that this law had not taken effect. In view of this requirement of the constitution of Wisconsin, an act of the legislature had been passed, which was in force at the
time that the act of March 15, 1856, was passed, directing the secretary of state and the attorney general to classify the various laws; and, in pursuance of that requirement, the secretary of state and the attorney general classified this law as a local act, thereby not putting it in the class of general laws, as named in the constitution of the state. But prior to the decision of the case of The Town of Rochester v. Alfred Bank, 13 Wis. 483, the supreme court of· the state had held that a case like this was a general law, and came within the terms of the constitution. State v. Leon, 9 Wis. 279; Clark v. Janesville, 10 Wis. 136. These decisions were followed in the case decided upon these bonds. If this were an open question, I should think there was great force in the position originally taken by counsel in the Wisconsin cases, that a law like this could hardly be said to be a general law within the meaning of the constitution. It applied only to the towns of Burlington, Rochester, Waterford, Norway, in the county of Racine, and the town of Muskego, in the county 01 Waukesha. But, however this may be, the question is whether, under the case of Havermeyer v. Iowa County, 3 Wall. 294, the plaintiff is foreclosed by the decision of the supreme court of Wisconsin in the case reported in 13 Wis. 483. In the Havermeyer Case, the supreme court decided that, at the time these bbnds were issued, the law, as held by the supreme court of Wisconsin, was not a general law, and so did not come within the language of the constitution; and that the principle declared in the case of Gelpke v. City oj Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175, applied; and if these bonds consti· tuted a valid contract, as the law and constitution were then expounded by the supreme court of the state, that it did nol cease to be such because the highest court of the state had afterwards changed its ruling; and, I must confess, it seem!: to me, if the case of Havermeyer v.Jowa County was properly decided, and if it is binding on this court, as of course it is, it is conclusive of the question in this case, because every point in controversy there was the same as here. The cases which hll.ve already been referred to, in which the supreme court of Wisconsin decided that a law like this was a general
BURLEIGH V. TOWN OF BOCHESTE1\.
law, have all been determined since these bonds were issued, and the supreme court oftlieUnit6\i.States herd thl£t thel8.w, as expounded by the supreme. court Wisconsin in the case of Hewett v. Town of Grand Ohute, (decid:ed in 1858,) 7 Wis. 282, operated upon the contract in that case; and, if SO,i on the same it' operated on these bonds' in this The statute of limitations has been pleaded to coupons attached to these bonds as another defence. That is a terclearly within the province of the state, and a statute of Il'mitations upon an action at law becomes the law of the eral court in a case heard in a state where the statute operates. AiwiJ v. Dubuque, 98· U. S. 470. This action was brought, and the summons served, on the of AugQstri879.' As already stated, these bonds were issued on first of November, 1856, and were payable ,On the first of November, 1876. The statuta'of Wisconsiri passed in 1872, re-enacted in the Revised Code of 1878, in section 4222, declares that any action upon any bond, coupon, interest warrant, or other contract for the payment of money, whether sealed or otherwise, made or issued by any town, county, state, village; or school district in this state, shall be brought within six years. Consequently, the limitation of the statute oper-, aies upon all coupons due prior to the twenty.nfth of August, 1873, the statute declaring' that a suit shall be deemed to be commenced when a summons is served on the defendant. So that the statute would not, of course, run against the bonds, payable until 1, 1876, but it would they not run against all the coupons 'except the last four, to-wit,those payable on the first of November, 1878, 1874, 1875,:and 1876. v.5,no.8__4-3 ,
;:
674:
FEDERAL BEPORTER.
WILSONV. QUEEN INS.IOO. OF LXVERPOOL AND LONDON·
. (Oij-cuit Oourt,W'. D. Pennsylflania. January 21,1881.) , ,
1.
CONTRACT-MIsTAKE.
, Mutual mistake as to a material fact will a contract. 2. SAME-SAME-EQUITY. It is not necessary for eith,er party to go into a court of equity fOr the purpose of setting aside such contract. S. 6AME-SAME-mSURAlfCE POLICY.' Under such, circumst,ances a COlltract would not avoid a prior policy containing the usual condition against other insurance. -[Ed. . ",'
Sur Motion of ex parte Defendant for a New,. Trial. M. F. Elliott, for plaintifL George R. Bedford and Andrew F. Derr,for defenda,nt. AClIl!lsON, D. J. The policy of insurance sued on contains the usual condition against ,other insurance, and provides that a breach thereof shall avoid the policy. The defence relied on was that in viola.tion of this condition the plaintiff took subsequent ,insurance in the, Lycoming Mutual InsuranceCompany. There was no conflict of evidence as to any material matter., The factsare8JS follows: On April 6, 187l:l, the plaintiff visited the office of E: B. Young the agent of the Lycoming'Mutual Insurance Company, in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, in reference to insurance on other property. After he had transacted this business, and as he was hurriedly leaving to take a train to McKean county to'attend a session of court, Young said to him that he had no insurance on the property, whiclJ:; afterwards ,burned, and suggested that he ought to have insurance on it. In response to this suggestion the plaintiff said that if he had no insurance on the property he wanted it insured, but he did not want the property insured twice. The plaintiff then signed a blank application for insurance and a blank premium note, which Young filled up and forwarded to the home office of the Lycoming Company. Shortly afterwards the company sent Young a policy to be delivered to the plaintiff. j