majority">

The opinion of the Court was delivered by

Moses, C. J.

This was an issue of devisavit vel non. The testatrix, an old and uneducated woman, had affixed her mark, in the presence of three subscribing witnesses, to a paper which was propounded as her last will and testament. Not having been read over in the presence of either of the subscribing witnesses, and neither of them affording any proof of her knowledge of its contents, it became necessary, in view of her doubtful capacity — not being able to read or write — to ascertain whether she had such knowledge through direct proof, or a presumption arising from the circumstances in evidence. Bennett, who took an interest under the will, and was nominated the sole executor, was introduced as a witness on the part of the proponent, and testified to declarations of the decedent, which, if his testimony had not (been assailed and contradicted, would have been conclusive as to her knowledge of the contents. He swore that he did not write the will. In the course of his cross examination several letters, admitted to have been written by him, were produced, and to the enquiry, by the appellant’s counsel, as to the object of their introduction, it was answered : that they were submitted for the purpose of comparison with the handwriting of the will. Exception was taken and'overruled,

Anne Mathewes, (one of the respondents,) a witness offered by the contestants, swore that she had seen Bennett write — was well acquainted with his handwriting — and that she recognized the writing in the will to be his. Two witnesses were then presented who were unacquainted with his handwriting, and through them it was proposed to show, by a comparison of the admitted letters with the will, that the latter had been written by him. This was objected to, and the Circuit Judge overruling the exception, the first error assigned by *482the motion now before us raises the question of the competency of the opinion of a witness unacquainted with the handwriting of a party and derived alone from comparison.

The genuineness of a writing may be directly proved by one who was present and saw it executed. This establishes it as a fact by the highest evidence, and, if it is credible, puts it beyond dispute.

Cases, however, arise where such express proof is not attainable, and then a resort must be had to such circumstances as may afford a presumption from which the fact may be legitimately inferred. Where the “presumptio ex visu sariptionis,” (as the writers term it,) arises, it is founded on a knowledge of the handwriting, obtained by having seen the person .write. But the presumption is not limited to a knowledge thus acquired, but is extended to the “presumptio ex seriptis olim visis,” which is not restricted to a capacity to judge from having witnessed the actual execution of any writing by the party, but is extended to impressions derived from a familiarity with the handwriting, attained through letters or documents accepted and acted upon as genuine, with the recognition of those by whom they are alleged to have been written. Testimony of the character referred to has never been questioned, because, in both the distinct instances stated, an impression has been made on the mind of the witness, from the character of the writing, which enables him to bring to his recollection the similitude between what he before saw and that now submitted for his opinion. It is, at least, but a belief, founded on memory. It is not a certain knowledge of that which is acquired by actual vision of something passing, or the positive bearing of something that is expressed.

It would be á task, rather of interest than profit, to examine the various cases in which the subject has been treated by the English Courts. Whether a comparison, even by experts, should be permitted, has been, from time to time, differently ruled. While it may be said that the preponderating weight of authority there is against evidence, by comparison of handwriting, the cases have been vacillating and fluctuating. So far back as 1718, “ where the will was writ blindly, and hardly legible, and the legacies in figures,” the Master of the Rolls “ referred it to a Master to examine what the legacies were, he to be assisted by such as were skilled in the-art of writing.”—Masters vs. Masters, 1 P. Wms., 425.

Later decisions entirely excluded all evidence by comparison ; and yet some of them so holding still subjected the rule which they *483laid down to such exceptions as, in a great degree, to effect the very principle upon which it was claimed to have been founded—for instance, Griffith vs. Williams, 1 C. & P., 47; Allport vs. Meek, 4 C. & P., 276; and many other cases which may be cited.

Parliament, however, prevented any further want of conformity in the English Courts upon the question, by the Stat. of 28 and 29, Victoria, § 8, C. 18, which permitted a comparison, by jury and witnesses, of the disputed writing with papers satisfactory to the Judge. It appears, however, to be confined to civil cases.

In the several States of our Union different rules in regard to the question seem to prevail. In many of them the testimony is excluded, while in others it is admitted to the fullest extent. In Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, it is allowed; while in New York, New Hampshire, Virginia, New Jersey, and some of the other States, the Courts exclude it.

It remains to consider what is the existing rule in this State, to be gathered from the practice and decisions of its Courts. We are probably not mistaken in saying that the rule, as generally accepted by the profession and observed by the Courts, is, that comparison, as the original means of ascertaining the genuineness of handwriting, is not permitted, but, in aid of doubtful proof, it is allowed ; and that the question to be decided by the jury, as one of fact, may be affected, the one way or the other, by the preponderating character of the evidence. The testimony, however, it is agreed everywhere, even by the Courts in which it is admitted, is not entitled to any very high respect or consideration. Its relative weight must be determined by the rules which are applied to testimony of every kind, and its efficacy will be judged and estimated by the proportionate effect of its impression.

In Boman vs. Plunkett, 2 McC., 518, comparison of handwriting was admitted as a circumstance in aid of doubtful proof. It is contended, against the force of this case, as an authority of wmight in the one before us, that it was therein held the comparison must be made by the jury, independent of any extrinsic evidence by witnesses. While the reasoning of the Court does not sustain such a construction, it would be difficult to reconcile it with any accepted theory or principle of evidence. If it is admitted that the jury may make the comparison, can it, with reason, be contended that, in their examination, the aid of light from those who, by their *484peculiar vocation in life, have acquired a skill in deciphering, tracing and distinguishing handwriting, is to be withheld ? When the right, on the part of the jury, is admitted, it should be exercised according to the general and accepted rules of evidence. Are they less likely to reach a correct conclusion, when the difficulties which may surround them in the execution of their duty might bo satisfactorily explained and removed by testimony bearing on the very comparison they are to pass upon ?

In Bird vs. Miller, 1 McM., 125, Mr. Justice Evans, delivering the opinion of the Court, treating of the inadmissibility of mere comparison of handwriting by juxtaposition, says: “Admitting the principle to be correct, that such evidence is inadmissible in the first instance, yet, in a case of conflicting evidence, this kind of evidence was admitted, in the case of Plunhett ads. Boman, not as original, but as confirmatory evidence, to enable the jury to decide upon which of the witnesses they could most confide. In a practice of many years I have not known the admissibility of this kind of evidence, for the purpose stated, questioned.”

It would be difficult to explain why knowledge, which is derived from a recollection of handwriting only, from the observation of admitted letters, or other papers which the witnesses had before seen, can be claimed as of a higher degree than that obtained by a comparison of handwriting. They both depend on the same faculty — that of bringing into actual application impressions made on the mind, in the one case, weakened by time, and, in the other, more vivid and lively, because of more recent existence. One recollects because he has seen the admitted writing before, and can, therefore, now speak of its similarity with the one in question ; the other because, by examining the admitted writing, he has a present impression which he at once makes the standard of his comparison.

Error is alleged on the part of the Circuit Judge in refusing to charge the jury that any realty, not specifically devised by the will, would revert to the next of kin of the said Hannah Yesey. The purpose proposed by this request was to show that Bennett took no interest, under any of the clauses of the will, save that which devised the Spring Street property to him. It is true that, “where a person prepares a will with a legacy to himself, it is, at most, a suspicious circumstance, of more or less weight, according to the facts of each particular case — in some of no weight at all — varying according to the circumstances; for instance, the quantum of the *485legacy, and the proportion it bears to the property disposed of, and various other circumstances.”—1 Williams on Ex’rs, 94. We think he fulfilled all the requirements of the rule when he said to the jury “ that Bennett took a considerable interest under the will.” If he was entitled, even, to no more than the Spring Street property, looking at its relative value to the whole estate devised, the language employed conveyed to the jury the proper meaning and import of the rule by which, in the application of the testimony, they were to be governed. It was not incumbent upon him to give construction to every section of the will, to ascertain the exact value of the interest to which the said devisee was entitled. Such a requisition would devolve a duty not demanded by the general principle which he fully brought to the attention of the jury.

The motion is dismissed.

Wright, A. J., and Willard, A. J., concurred.

Citation profile

How this case has been treated — in progress