State v. McFadden

¶1The State seeks review of the decision of the Fourth District Court of Appeal in McFadden v. State, 15 So.3d 755 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009), on the grounds that it expressly and directly conflicts with the decision of this Court in State v. Evans, 770 So.2d 1174 (Fla.2000).1 The issue before this *1132Court is whether Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 8.220(b)(1)(B) requires the State to disclose to a defendant an oral, unrecorded witness statement if that statement does not materially change a prior recorded statement previously provided to the defendant by the State. We hold that, pursuant to Evans, rule 3.220(b)(1)(B) does not apply to such oral, unrecorded statements. Accordingly, we quash the decision of the Fourth District.

¶2I. BACKGROUND

¶3Joseph McFadden was charged with three felony counts arising out of an armed robbery that occurred on April 20, 2007. At trial, the defense called McFadden’s sister, who testified that there had never been a gun in the house she shared with McFadden. McFadden, 15 So.3d at 756. It was the first time McFadden’s sister had ever made this claim on record. In fact, the only recorded statement McFadden’s sister ever made regarding a gun, prior to testifying at trial, was during her deposition, when she merely stated that McFadden was not carrying a shotgun when he entered the house on the evening of the armed robbery. In her deposition, she was not asked and made no claims regarding whether there had ever been a gun in the house, or whether she had ever reported a gun being in the house.

¶4The State, surprised by McFadden’s sister’s testimony at trial, called a sheriffs deputy on rebuttal to testify regarding a prior inconsistent verbal statement McFadden’s sister had made. See id.The deputy testified that McFadden’s sister had spoken with him on the day before the armed robbery to report her concern about a shotgun McFadden was keeping in their house. Id.The defense immediately objected to this testimony, but the trial court overruled the objection and allowed the deputy to testify regarding this prior conversation. Id.McFadden was ultimately convicted on all counts and received a life sentence.

¶5On appeal to the Fourth District, McFadden argued that the State had violated discovery required by rule 3.220(b)(1)(B), by not disclosing his sister’s oral statement before trial. The State argued that disclosure was unnecessary because the oral statement was never written or otherwise recorded and therefore was not subject to the disclosure requirements of the rule. Id. at 757. The Fourth District agreed with McFadden that the nondisclosure was a discovery violation, concluding that “the State’s failure to disclose the substance of the detective’s testimony was directly contrary to the purpose and spirit of [rule 3.220(b)(1)(B)].” Id.The Fourth District explained that, accordingly, the trial court should have conducted a Richardson2 hearing to determine the effect of this discovery violation, and McFadden was granted a new trial. See id. at 757-58. The State sought review of the decision of the Fourth District in this Court.

¶6II. ANALYSIS

¶7Rule 3.220(b)(1)(B) requires the State to disclose to the defendant “the statement of any person” who is a -witness as defined by rule 3.220(b)(1)(A). The types of statements subject to disclosure are defined as follows:

The term “statement” as used herein includes a written statement made by the person and signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the person and *1133also includes any statement of any kind or manner made by the person and written or recorded or summarized in any writing or recording. The term “statement” is specifically intended to include all police and investigative reports of any kind prepared for or in connection with the case, but shall not include the notes from which those reports are compiled[.]

¶8Fla. R.Crim. P. 8.220(b)(1)(B).3

¶9On its face, the rule does not include unrecorded oral statements. Additionally, this Court in Evansdiscussed the meaning of rule 3.220(b)(1)(B), and whether it applies to oral witness statements that have not been written or recorded:

Courts construing rule 3.220(b)(1)(B) have determined that the State is not required to disclose to the defendant a witness’s oral statement when such statement has not been reduced to writing or recorded in a manner prescribed by the rule. See, e.g., Olson v. State, 705 So.2d 687, 690-91 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998) (stating that the clear implication of rule 3.220(b)(1)(B) is that witness statements “if not written or recorded, are not discoverable”); Johnson v. State, 545 So.2d 411, 412 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989) (determining that State was not required to disclose to the defendant an oral, unrecorded statement made by a state witness to the prosecutor); Whitfield v. State, 479 So.2d 208, 215-16 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985) (determining that witness’s oral statements to prosecutor after suppression hearing were not discoverable, in part because such statements were not written or recorded); cf. Watson v. State, 651 So.2d 1159, 1163-64 (Fla.1994) (determining that oral statement made by State’s expert witness was not discoverable, as it was not a “statement” as defined in rule 3.220(a)(l)(ii) (1988), the predecessor to current rule 3.220(b)(1)(B)).

¶10Evans, 770 So.2d at 1180. Acknowledging this settled interpretation of rule 3.220(b)(1)(B), we recognized an exception in Evansthat requires disclosure when “the oral statement materially alters a pri- or written or recorded statement previously provided by the State to the defendant.” Id.We explained that, ordinarily, “unlike failure to name a witness, changed testimony does not rise to the level of a discovery violation and will not support a motion for a Richardson inquiry.” Id.at 1178 (quoting Bush v. State, 461 So.2d 936, 938 (Fla.1984)). However, when a witness is “transformed from a witness who ‘didn’t see anything’ into an eyewitness — indeed, apparently the only eyewitness — to the [crime,] ... the State’s nondisclosure of the changes ... was tantamount to failing to name a witness at all” and therefore warranted a Richardson hearing. Id. at 1182.

¶11But the limited exception set forth in Evansis not applicable to this case, where the oral statement at issue occurred before McFadden’s sister made any recorded case-related statements. In fact, the prior oral statement to the deputy, which was never recorded in any manner, was made before the events underlying this case arose. Moreover, the oral statement that McFadden kept a shotgun in the house was not a material departure from any recorded statement McFadden’s sister had made and was certainly not a radical change in testimony, as was the basis for requiring disclosure in Evans. Rather, in her deposition, McFadden’s sister stated only that McFadden was not carrying a shotgun when he entered the house on the *1134evening of the armed robbery. She made no claims regarding whether a gun had ever been present in the house. And because the earlier oral statement was not inconsistent with anything McFadden’s sister said in her deposition or in any other recorded statement, it did not “materially alter[ ] a prior written or recorded statement previously provided by the State to the defendant.” Id at 1180. Therefore, according to Evans, the State was not required to disclose the oral statement to McFadden.

¶12Florida district courts have repeatedly held, consistent with Evans, that rule 3.220(b)(1)(B) does not require the State to disclose a witness’s oral statement when that statement was not written or recorded. See, e.g., Burkes, 946 So.2d at 37; Olson, 705 So.2d at 691; Johnson, 545 So.2d at 412. “To do otherwise would require the prosecutor to record and disclose virtually any case[-]related conversation. ...” Burkes, 946 So.2d at 37. As the Fifth District has explained, when information from a witness is not a statement as defined by rule 3.220(b)(1)(B), “the State [i]s under no obligation to disclose” the information if that information is “not Brady4 material and [i]s not a material alteration to an existing written or recorded statement previously provided by the State to the defendant.” Id. at 36-37. In such circumstances of nondisclosure by the State, “no discovery violation [has] occurred and, consequently, there [i]s no need to conduct a Richardson hearing.” Id. at 37. Likewise, we hold that no discovery violation occurred here; therefore, there was no need for the trial court to conduct a Richardson hearing.

¶13III. CONCLUSION

¶14Applying our precedent in Evans, we quash the decision of the Fourth District and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶15It is so ordered.