Tritsis v. Backer’s Empirical Analysis
501 F.2d 1021 · 1974
Citation profile
30 federal appellate · 2 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 48 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2005 · most notably Gomez v. Toledo (1980), Lenard v. Argento (1983)
30 federal appellate · 2 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 26 U.S.C. § 5861 (§ 201 of the Gun Control Act of 1968) · 28 U.S.C. § 1331
Relies on Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics · Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics · Strutt v. Upham · 355 F. Supp. 225 - Tritsis v. Backer
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 48 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]o prevail the police officer need not allege and prove probable cause in the constitutional sense. The standard governing police conduct is composed of two elements, the first is subjective and the second is objective. Thus the officer must allege and prove not only that he believed, in good faith, that his conduct was lawful, but also that his belief was reasonable. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 2 Cir., 456 F.2d 1339 , 1348 (1972).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Brubaker v. King
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.