Withrow v. Williams’s Empirical Analysis
1993
Citation profile
237 federal appellate · 99 district · 277 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 960 later decisions (38 by the Supreme Court) — most recently February 2026 · most notably Brecht v. Abrahamson (1993), Schlup v. Delo (1995)
237 federal appellate · 99 district · 277 state decisions — followed in 28 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedWilliams v. Withrow (from Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Jackson v. Virginia · Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Illinois v. Gates · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Johnson v. Zerbst
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 960 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[C]ourts look to the totality of circumstances to determine whether a confession was voluntary. . Those potential circumstances include not only the crucial element of police coercion, Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 , 167, 107 S.Ct. 515 , 521, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986); the length of the interrogation, Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143 , 153-54, 64 S.Ct. 921 , 925-26, 88 L.Ed. 1192 (1944); its location, see Reck v. Pate, 367 U.S. 433 , 441, 81 S.Ct. 1541 , 1546 [ 6 L.Ed.2d 948 ] (1961); its continuity, Ley-ra v. Denno, 347 U.S. 556 , 561, 74 S.Ct. 716 , 719, 98 L.Ed. 948 (1954); the defendant’s maturity, Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 , 599-601, 68 S.Ct. 302 , 303-05, 92 L.Ed. 224 (1948) (opinion of Douglas, J.); education, Clewis v. Texas, 386 U.S. 707 , 712, 87 S.Ct. 1338 , 1341, 18 L.Ed.2d 423 (1967);, physical condition, Greenwald v. Wisconsin, 390 U.S. 519 , 520-21, 88 S.Ct. 1152 , 1153-54, 20 L.Ed.2d 77 (1968) (per curiam); and mental health, Fikes v. Alabama, 352 U.S. 191 , 196, 77 S.Ct. 281 , 284, 1 L.Ed.2d 246 (1957). They also include the failure of police to advise the defendant of his rights to remain silent and to have counsel present during custodial interrogation. Haynes v. Washington, 373 U.S. 503 , 516-17, 83 S.Ct. 1336 , 1344-45, 10 L.Ed.2d 513 (1963) [other citations omitted].”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“Circumstances that are potentially relevant in the totality-of-the-circumstances analysis include the "crucial element of police coercion"; the length of the interrogation; its location; its continuity; the defendant's maturity, education, physical condition, and mental health; and whether the police advised the defendant of the rights to remain silent and to have counsel present during custodial interrogation.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[n]o person ... shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself[.]”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.