United States v. Pitts’s Empirical Analysis
508 F.2d 1237 · 1974
Citation profile
25 federal appellate · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 28 later decisions — most recently November 2007 · most notably United States v. Adcock (1977), United States v. Beran (1977)
25 federal appellate · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 472
Relies on Relford v. Commandant, U. S. Disciplinary Barracks · Keeble v. United States · Peter J. Migliorini v. New York · Brewer v. United States · Lawrence Metze v. New York
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 28 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[i]n a counterfeiting case the government must also prove that the defendant knew the bills were counterfeit, United States v. Musquiz, 445 F.2d 963 , 966 (5th Cir. 1971), and that he had a general intent to defraud unknown third parties with those bills, United States v. Wilkerson, 469 F.2d 963 , 969 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 410 U.S. 986 , 93 S.Ct. 1515 , 36 L.Ed.2d 184 (1973). These essential elements of the crime are seldom provable by direct evidence. United States v. Castens, 462 F.2d 391 , 394 (8th Cir. 1972). Because these elements require a finding as to the defendant’s state of mind at a given moment, a jury in the usual case must rely on circumstantial evidence in order to determine whether the requisite mental condition existed. In United States v. Cervantes, 466 F.2d 736 , 739-740 (7th Cir.) cert. denied, Panas v. United States, 409 U.S. 886 , 93 S.Ct. 108 , 34 L.Ed.2d 143 (1972); United States v. Kimbrough, 481 F.2d 421 , 423-424 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1114 , 94 S.Ct. 845 , 38 L.Ed.2d 741 (1973). In reaching its verdict, the jury is entitled to scrutinize and make reasonable inferences from defendant’s conduct and from all facts surrounding the incident in question. Castens, supra, 462 F.2d at 393-394 ; Kimbrough, supra, 481 F.2d at 424 ; United States v. Sheiner, 410 F.2d 337 , 340 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 825 , 90 S.Ct. 68 , 24 L.Ed.2d 74 (1969).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.