COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-12-00102-CR
PAUL LEONE APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 30TH DISTRICT COURT OF WICHITA COUNTY
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DISSENTING OPINION
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Respectfully, I must dissent from the majority opinion because the only
evidence on the issue indicates that a group of people who had been a grand jury in
the past returned the indictment. This void indictment did not vest the trial court with
jurisdiction.
Appellant preserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to set aside
the indictment and timely appealed. In one issue, he contends that the trial court
improperly denied his motion to set aside the indictment because it was not
presented until sixteen months after the term of the grand jury returning it had
expired.
The record reflects that on November 5, 2008, a Wichita County grand jury
ostensibly returned an indictment charging Appellant with the offense of harassment
by a person in a correctional facility. But on its face, the indictment reflects that the
grand jury was impaneled in January 2007 to serve for a six-month term. The trial
court judicially noticed that it had not extended the term of the January 2007 grand
jury.
Appellant filed a pretrial motion to set aside the indictment on the ground that,
because the term of the grand jury had expired, the indictment did not confer
jurisdiction upon the trial court. Appellant did not raise a mere defect of form; he did
not complain, for example, that a foreman had failed to sign the indictment or that
the grand jury had not been properly sworn; instead, he complained that the
indictment was not delivered by a sitting grand jury and therefore that the trial court
had no jurisdiction over his case. To vest a trial court with jurisdiction of a criminal
action, a grand jury, not a group of people who formerly served on a grand jury,
must present an indictment or information charging a person with the commission of
an offense. 1
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides, in relevant part,
1
See Tex. Const. art. V, § 12(b); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 20.21 (West
2005).
2
[T]he judge of the district court in which said grand jury was impaneled
may, by the entry of an order on the minutes of said court, extend, from
time to time, for the purpose of concluding the investigation of matters
then before it, the period during which said grand jury shall sit, for not
to exceed a total of ninety days after the expiration of the term for
which it was impaneled, and all indictments pertaining thereto returned
by the grand jury within said extended period shall be as valid as if
returned before the expiration of the term. 2
Conversely, a grand jury that acts beyond its term, when the trial court has not
extended that term, is no grand jury at all. Any indictment that it may purport to
return confers no jurisdiction on the trial court. Such an indictment is not
automatically invalidated, however, and the defendant bears the burden of showing
the indictment is invalid in his case. 3
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has confirmed that
[t]he Texas Constitution requires that, unless waived by the defendant,
the State must obtain a grand jury indictment in a felony case. Absent
an indictment or valid waiver, a district court does not have jurisdiction
over that case. An indictment also provides a defendant with notice of
the offense and allows him to prepare a defense. Further, the
constitutional guarantee is intended to provide the accused an impartial
body which can act as a screen between the rights of the accused and
the prosecuting power of the State. 4
2
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 19.07 (West 2005).
3
See State v. Flournoy, 187 S.W.3d 621, 623–24 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing Suit v. State,
161 Tex. Crim. 22, 25,
274 S.W.2d 701,
703 (Tex. Crim. App. 1955)).
4
Teal v. State, 230 S.W.3d 172, 174–75 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted).
3
The Teal court also discussed the legislature’s commitment to requiring a
defendant to call to the attention of the trial court defects in the indictment, allowing
the State the opportunity to correct or amend an indictment. 5
Here, Appellant filed his motion to set aside the indictment, showing that the
indictment was returned beyond the term of the grand jury stated in the indictment.
The trial judge judicially noticed that he had not extended the term of the grand jury.
The State’s solution was to amend the indictment to show that the grand jury was
impaneled on a different date, but the State offered nothing to support this
amendment to the indictment.
The State argues that it is not necessary to plead the date the grand jury was
impaneled, but that is beside the point. It was undisputed at trial that the term of the
grand jury was only six months. No one suggested that the grand jury was actually
impaneled on a different date from that alleged in the indictment originally or that
changing the date in the indictment was a correction of an incorrect date. The State
merely suggested that it was safe to assume that the term that was stated in the
grand jury indictment “was simply a typo which is subject to amendment.” The
State, however, offered no evidence to support its speculation or to overcome the
date the grand jury was impaneled as stated in the original indictment. There was
no suggestion that the special prosecutor actually knew whether the January grand
jury had returned the indictment or whether the indictment contained a typographical
5
Id. at 176–79.
4
error. After taking the matter under advisement, however, the trial court amended
the preamble of the indictment to indicate that the grand jury had been “duly
organized at the July Term A.D. 2008.”
A presumption of regularity cannot control in the case now before this court
because the record does indeed disclose otherwise. 6 And nothing but speculation
suggests that the language of the indictment was an incorrect statement of fact.
Nothing but speculation suggests that a grand jury other than the grand jury
impaneled in January of the previous year returned the indictment. Nor did the trial
judge take judicial notice that any grand jury other than the then-defunct January-
term grand jury returned the indictment.
Appellant satisfied his burden of showing that the indictment against him was
returned after the term of the grand jury had ended and was therefore incapable of
conferring jurisdiction on the trial court. Other than rank speculation, there is no
evidence that the indictment was properly returned by other than the January grand
jury.
The Texas Constitution guarantees that “no person shall be held to answer for
a [felony] criminal offense, unless on an indictment of a grand jury . . . .” 7 The
“impartial body which [the Texas Constitution has designed to] act as a screen
6
See Meek v. State, 851 S.W.2d 868, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Davidson
v. State,
225 S.W.3d 807, 811 & n.2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.).
7
Tex. Const. art. I, § 10.
5
between the rights of the accused and the prosecuting power of the State” 8 is not a
mere form that can be capriciously substituted, completed, or invented with no
evidence to show that the change actually reflects historical fact. Just as the verdict
of a petit jury that returns the verdict after it has been discharged is not a valid
verdict but merely “the act of a collection of individuals who had previously been
members of the jury, 9 a purported indictment returned by a grand jury whose term
has expired is similarly not a valid indictment but merely the act of a collection of
individuals who previously had been members of the grand jury. Any such
purported indictment returned by that collection of individuals cannot confer
jurisdiction over any criminal defendant in a felony case. 10
The original indictment showed on its face that the grand jury term had
expired, and Appellant drew the trial court’s attention to that fact by filing his motion
to set aside the indictment. The onus was then on the State to show on the record
that the grand jury was lawfully impaneled and that its indictment was lawfully
returned. The State failed to present any evidence to satisfy its obligation.
8
Brian A. Kilpatrick, Comment, The Constitutional Right to Indictment by a
Grand Jury: Does It Survive after Studer v. State and the 1985 Constitutional and
Statutory Amendments?, 44 Baylor L. Rev. 345, 345 (1992); Teal,
230 S.W.3d at
175 (citing same).
9
Perryman v. State, 102 Tex. Crim. 531, 533,
278 S.W. 439, 440 (1925).
10
See, e.g., Ex parte Wynne, 772 S.W.2d 132, 134–35 (Tex. Crim. App.
1989); Ex parte Edone,
740 S.W.2d 446, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).
6
The indictment handed down by a defunct grand jury did not vest jurisdiction
with the trial court. I would therefore sustain Appellant’s sole issue, vacate the trial
court’s judgment, and dismiss this case. 11 Because the conscientious majority does
not, I must respectfully dissent.
/s/ Lee Ann Dauphinot
LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
JUSTICE
PUBLISH
DELIVERED: March 6, 2014
11
See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(e).
7
