UNITEb,s,\,ATES ti. WONG SING.
79
UNITED STATES V. WONG SING. :i. '
(District Oourt, D. Washington, N. D. June 24, 1892.) 'rhe of section 4 of the act of May 5, that all Chinese persons convicted of being unlawfully in the United States shall be imprisOned at hard labor for a period of not over a year, and thereafter removed from the country. does not, because of this" infamous punishment," render.it necessary, under the constitution, to proceed by indictment against all Chinese persons 'arrested under the act; for it is the evident intent of congress t\lat Chinese shall be removed by summary proceedings as heretofore, and to ,give effect to all the provisions of the act.it should be construed as requiring criminal prosecutions only in cases in which the government is able to procure evidence to justify the same. PROCEEDINGS.
At Law. Information chfl,rginKtQat the defendant is a Chinese son found in the United States, and that he is not lawfully entitled to be or remain therein. Demurrer to the information overruled. P. a. SuUivan, Asst. U. S. Atty. W. H. White, for defendant. District Judge. The argument in support of this demur,. rer is that the fourth section of the act of congress of May 5, 1892, entitled" An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States." requires the imprisonment at hard labor of persons cOllvicted under said law; and as he may, upon conviction,besubjected to an famous· punishment, therefore he cannot be brought to trial on, this charge upon an information. It is true that by the decisions of the supreme court violations of 18i\V which may be punished by imprisonment in;a penitentiary are held to be infamous crimes; and under the fifth article of the amendments to the constitution of the United, States no person Can be held to answer for an infamous crime except on a presentment, or indictment by a grand jury. Now, if it is also true, as contended by counsel for the defendant, that every Chinese person found to be unlawfully in the United States must, upon being so adjudged, be punished by imprisonment before being, sent out of the country, then it follows as a logical sequence that, by .tbis law, the government has tied the hands of its officers, so that hereafter there can be no such thing as ridding the country of Chinese invaders by proceedings of a summary character, as heretofore, and the courts must patiently proceed to dp,al with them one at a time, and, after a formal indictment by a grand jury, give to each of them a regular jury trial, and, as fast as the machinery of the law can be operated, fill the prisons of the country with them. These people have, since thedateofthefirstlaw enacted to restrict their immigration, demanded jury trials; and now, if by the new law this government has, in effect, acceded to such demand, they may easily defeat the law by coming in such numbers as to paralyze the courts. The capacity of the courts as to the number of cases which may be tried in accordance with law in a given time is limited. But the number of Chinese persons who may enter the country clandestinely and require trials, is comparatively un-
FBDERAL REPORHR,
voL 51.'
limited. The third section of the act places upon every Chinese person arrested on this charge the burdenofestablishing by affirmative evidence his right to remain in the United States,-a provision which is inconsistent with the fundamental principles of American jurisprudence, if everyone of them arrested must be tried as a criminal for the purpose of the act continues in force for a of punishing him. The first period of 10 years aU existing laws prohibiting and regulating the coming of Chinese, which laws, as they have been construed by the courts, include provisions for summ..r) hearings and judgments by judges lind United States commissioners. And in the second section of this act the words "justice, judge, cpQ1miSsioner" are used in such connection as to indicate clearly that in the enactment of this law congress contemplated and intended that the law should still be enforced by summary proceedingsas heretofore·. The argument made has nothing to support it, other, than the literll.lwording of the fourth section of the new law. Against it bears the equally plain provisions of the first, second, arid third sections of the act, and the important consideration that the law itself; if construed as the defendant contends that it should be, makes it possible for the very people against whom it was intended to operate to defeat it entirely. To give proper effect to all the provisions of this act it is necessary to give it an interpretation authorizing indictments, and criminal prosecutions in thosEf cases in which the government tnay.be able to secure and produce sufficient evidence to justify, the samej!and at the same time preserving the remedy of summaryprooeedings in all cases in which criminal prosecutions may be, for any reason, impracticable, 1iild requiring that Chinese persons unable to prove their right to remain in theC'ountry, but Who cannot be Convicted upoha oriminal charge, shall be sent to their own country, in accordance with the procedure and practice adopted in enforcing the existing laws. Such procedure and practice permits an information to be filed by the United States attorney, upon which the accused may be brought to trial, and if, upon such trial, the judge finds the necessary facts, he ma.y issue process for the removal of the accused to his own country. Fbt the above' reasons I will overrule the demurrer, and will proceed with this 'Case in the manner indicated..
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I. L. MOTT IRoN WORKS ,. STAliDARD KANUF'G CO.
81
IRON WORKS V. STANDARD MA.NUF'G
Co.
(Oircuit Oourt, W. D. Pen1l81lZvanfa. May 28.1892.) PATIllNTI I'OR INVENTIONS-LIMITATION OJ' CLAIMB-PRIOR ART-BATH OvERFLOWS.
Letters patent No. 170,709, issued December 7, 1875, to William S. Carr. for an improvement in waste valves and overflows for baths and basins, claim: "The tube, a, provided with the collar, 1., and lock nut, Z, for clamping the slab, 'In, in combination with the tubular stem, t, of the valve, e, passing' through the lock nut, l, and means for sustaining the tube, I, when elevated, substantially as set forth. " Held. that, in view of the prior state of the art, as shown specially by the patent of, July 21, 1874, to J. T. Foley, the patent must be limited to the specifio mechanism described.
.. S,A.ME-COMBINATION-UNPATENTABLB AGGREGATION.
Claim 2 of letters patent No. 358,147, issued February 22,1887, to John Demarest for a kindred improvement, is for a mere aggregation of parts without oo-operating . action, and not for a patentable combination. .Where an applicant acquiesces in the rejection of his original claims by filing a disclaimerl submitting modified claims, and accepting a patent therefor, such claims must De striotly construed.
LSAIIE-LIMITATION 01' CLAIM-DISCLAIMER.
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In Equity. Suit by the J. L. Mott Iron Works against the StandardManu,flicturing Company for infringement of patents. Bill. dismissed·,· For prior report, see 48 Fed. Rep. 345. Francis Forbes and W. BakeweU &; S0n8, for complainant. QmnoUy Bros., for defendant. Before ACHESON, Circuit Judge, and BUFFINGTON, District Judge. ACHESON, Circuit Judge. The defendant is charged with the infringement oqetters patent No. 170,709, for an improvement in waste valves and overilows for baths and basins, granted to William S. Carr, December 7, 1875, and No. 358,147, for a kindred improvement, granted to John ,Demarest, February 22, 1887. The specification of the Carr patent states that· overflows for baths and basins have been made of a vertical pipe, passing through the woodwork or slab, and connected at its bottom end with the sewer pipe, and with a branch to the bath or basin, ·and at the intersection is a seat for a valve on the lower .end of an overflow pipe within the vertical pipe. Then follow in succession these two clauses: "In this character of overflow, the cap for the vertical pipe has been conslab by bolts, and the rod that is used to lift the overflow pipe and valve has passed through this cap." "My invention is made for dispensing entirely with the cap, and allowing the upper end of the vertical tube to be filled by a tube that is lifted with the overtlow pipe, and which is capable of being withdrawn whenever it is necessary to take out the valve for cleaning." Here succeeds a reference to the accompanying drawings, and then come some explanations of parts theretofore in use, namely, the exterior vertical pipe, and its connections at the lower end, and the valve and valve seat and valve .stem; and it is explained that when the valve .is upon its seat, water accumulates in the bath or basin until it flows over the upper edge qf, or through apertures in, the hollow valve v.51F.no.3-G
