Gray v. Laws’s Empirical Analysis
51 F.3d 426 · 1995
Citation profile
31 federal appellate · 11 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 90 later decisions — most recently June 2024 · most notably In Re: Nvr, Lp, Debtor (1999), Mancuso v. New York State Thruway Authority (1996)
31 federal appellate · 11 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Ex Parte: Edward T Young · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Edelman v. Jordan · Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 90 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[I]t appears that a determination that the state treasury will be liable for a particular judgment is largely, if not wholly, dispositive of Eleventh Amendment immunity . . . .”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“Like the state itself, state officers acting in their official capacity are also entitled to Eleventh Amendment protection, because ‘a suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit against the official but rather is a suit against the official’s office,’ and ‘[a]s such, it is no different from a suit against the State itself.’”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“be determined by resort to the other relevant considerations referenced by the Court, chief among which are whether the suit will jeopardize `the integrity retained by a State in our federal system,' and whether the state possesses such control over the entity ... that it can legitimately be considered an `arm of the state'.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.