Volume 51 — New Hampshire Reports

Assumpsit, by Calvin Gray against the defendants as common carriers. It was alleged in the declaration that the defendants received of the plaintiff, at Portsmouth, N. H., the sum of $41,-to be carried from Portsmouth to Reading, Mass., and there delivered to Nancy Thrasher. By agreement of parties the case was tried by the court, who found the following facts. The defendants are expressmen running from Portsmouth to Boston.

Case by Charles B. Hammond against Thos. W. H. Hussey. The plaintiff’s declaration was as follows: In a plea of the case for that at said Nashua, on the 13th day of April, 1869, the defendant being the principal and teacher of the high school of the school district in said Nashua, under the authority and by the direction of the school committee of said district, was then and there employed to inquire into the qualifications of certain of the scholars of said district, to be…

Assumpsit, by Charles C. Taylor against The Roger Williams Insurance Company, to recover the sum of §800, under the plaintiff’s policy of insurance on his “ general stock of merchandise in trade, consisting of the usual variety kept in a country store.” Writ dated Aug. 20, 1869. The goods insured were consumed by fire, April 13, 1869, during the existence of the policy.

Assumpsit, by the Daylight Burner Company against James W. Od-lin, an expressman, for delivering goods marked “ C. O. D.” without receiving the price. The plaintiff is a corporation, doing business in the city of'New York. The defendant is an expressman, between Boston and Exeter.

This is a bill in equity, brought to redeem certain stocks of tlie plaintiff, pledged with his assent to the defendants for money loaned to one Russ. The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion of the court.

Assumpsit, by Job Jenness and others against Henry F. Wendell on an account annexed, and for goods sold and delivered. Subject to the defendant’s exception, the plaintiff was allowed to amend by adding a count for goods bargained and sold. June -3d, 4th, and 5th, 1862, the plaintiffs sold at auction-the furniture in tlieir hotel at Rye Beach, and their stable stock used in connection with the hotel. One Walker was the auctioneer.

Case, by Henry Saltmarsh and wife against the town of Candia, for personal injuries received by Mrs. Saltmarsh by reason of a defect in a highway. Plea, the general issue. The injuries were received Oct. 8,1867, the writ was dated Sept. 21,1868, and Mrs. Saltmarsh died Nov. 21,1868. At the October term, 1870, the defendants objected that the action could not then be maintained by the husband alone, no administration having been taken on'the wife’s estate.

Assujipsit, by Franklin Gale against Almon F. Drake, Ex’r, to recover $347.52, wliicb the plaintiff claimed as legatee by the will of Israel N. Gale, the defendant’s testator. Held: comes within the meaning of the term accounts as used in the will, the plaintiff' is entitled to this fund under the provisions of the will. The language employed by the will is quite expressive.

This was an appeal of John Cook from the report of the commissioner, disallowing a claim of the plaintiff against the estate of the deceased, John P. Bennett, for the board and care of one Mina C. Bennett, a minor daughter of the plaintiff’s wife by a former husband, for six years next before the testator’s death, which occurred in the fall of 1869.

Assumpsit, by Lorenzo G. Prescott against Locke & Jewell. First count, on account annexed for 9,130 spokes, at f>40 per thousand, $865.20. Second count, for the same spokes bargained and sold. Third count, for goods sold and delivered, labor performed, and materials provided. By agreement, the case was tried by the court, who found the following facts: The plaintiff had a saw-mill in Exeter ; the defendants were partners and builders of carriage wheels in Amesbury, Mass.

This was an indictment, found by the grand jury at the September trial term, 1870, wherein the respondents, John S. Pike, Luther H. Downing, and Cyrus D. Willey, were charged with wilfully and maliciously, and with force, &c., breaking in the doors of the dwelling-house of one George W. Shapleigh, in Middleton, in this county, on the night of the 14th of October, A. D. 1869, and with force, as aforesaid, did then and there break and injure the doors of said house, and break…

This action is debt, brought in favor of Frank S. Orne, by Frederick A. Orne, his next friend, against John R. Roberts, to recover double… Held: that the counts could be joined; and Shaw, O. J., says, on page 246, “ The statute, providing that the owner of a dog shall forfeit and pay double the damage done by such dog, further provides that it may be recovered by an action of ‘ trespass.’ It only affects the rule of assessing damages.” In Brewer v. Crosby, 11 Gray 29, it…

Assumpsit, by the Cochecho National Bank against Ezra Haskell, Paul A. Stackpole, and John Q. A. Smith, in which the plaintiff seeks to… Held: — “ In the case before us, it does not appear that Stackpole was induced to change his position by this information from the cashier, although he soon after signed another note for Haskell ” (we ask to have the case amended to show that it appeared at the trial that the note in suit was not due at the time these other notes were…

Petition of Moses L. Wentworth and others for a new highway in Farmington. The questions in the case arise upon a report laying out the highway prayed for, made at this term of court by Jesse R. Horne, Thomas M. Thompson, and John H. Roberts, who signed the report as “ county commissioners of Strafford county.” Thompson and Roberts were not, in fact, county commissioners.

Teespass, qu. cl, by Jeremiah W. Waldron against Andrew Berry, for removing earth and stones. Plea, the general issue, with a brief . statement of justification as highway surveyor; and also of license as to the earth and gravel removed. The jury disagreed, and this case was reserved.

<p>In an action by three plaintiffs against the defendants, — held, that the court, upon the trial before the jury, properly excluded evidence offered by the defendants to the effect that a prior suit for the same cause of action had been brought by only two of the present plaintiffs, which was abandoned before the commencement of the present.</p> <p>A., W., and' F. brought an action' against the town of S., to recover a reward offered by the town for the arrest and conviction of certain robbers. The defendants, contending that-, two other parties should have been joined as plaintiffs in this suit, offered to show that two of the present plaintiffs, before bringing this suit, in a conversation with the witness, said that they had offered to let one'of said other parties have a portion of the reward, and that it would be ten dollars in the pocket of the witness if he would influence the selectmen to pay the reward to them. Held, that the evidence was properly excluded.</p> <p>Where three parties are entitled to recover of a town, after demand, a reward for the arrest of criminals, such demand may be made by one of them, and need not be made expressly in behalf of each of the parties engaged in the joint undertaking which entitled .them to the reward.</p> <p>A demand for such reward made upon one of the selectmen is sufficient.</p>

<p>In an action on the case for obstructing a private way, the declaration need not show the origin and history of the plaintiff’s title to the way.</p> <p>Where the way is not claimed as appurtenant to the premises of the plaintiff to which it leads, it is not necessary to describe those premises by metes and bounds, or otherwise, in the writ.</p>

Trespass, quare clausum, by Wm. P. Coburn against J ames E. Cox-eter. Writ dated Feb. 17,1869. The defendant pleaded the general issue ; and also pleaded specially a right of way over a strip of land one and a half rods in width, immediately north of the defendant’s lot. It appeared that the land immediately north of the alleged way belongs to the plaintiff. It also appeared that one Thayer, prior to Nov. 9, 1857, owned the strip over which the way was claimed.

COVENANT, by Henry W. S. Griswold against Jedediah Sabin. First plea, non infregit conventionem. Second plea, “ that the said deed in the said declaration mentioned was obtained by the plaintiff of the defendant by the fraud and covin of the said plaintiff.” Upon these pleas issues were joined.

Assumpsit, by George W. Cooper and Emily A. Cooper, bis wife, against Stillman P. Alger. Writ dated December 19, 1868.

<p>Ikdictment, for wilfully and maliciously burning the dwelling-house of the defendant. Motion in arrest of judgment.</p>

Case, by Frederick A. Wier against Henry Allen, for'slander. Writ dated July 2, 1868.

This is a petition by Roland Pollard and another against Lovinia Moore and others, by mill-owners, under the act for the “ encouragement of manufactures,” passed July 3,1868. A committee was duly appointed, according to the provisions of the act, at the September term, 1870.

This is replevin, by Alonzo W. Putnam against Joseph D. Osgood, for a stock of goods attached by the defendant on a writ in favor of one Blaisdell against one Child, the plaintiff claiming under a mortgage from said Child. The questions of law arise upon the supplemental report and additional report of an auditor, by agreement of parties. SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

<p>This was an action entered by the Messrs. Rand, as attorneys for tlie town of Lisbon against Jehiel W. Holton, at this term ; and tlie defendant appears by counsel specially to move to dismiss, on tlie ground that the suit has never been properly authorized by said town.</p> <p>In the Avarrant for town-meeting in Lisbon, in March, 1870, article 6th was the usual article “ to choose all other necessary town officers.” And the same article with the same number was inserted in the warrant for town-meeting, in March, 1871. Neither of said Avarrants contained any other article under which any officer, the legality of whose election is here in controversy, could be legally elected. At the town-meeting in March, 1870, it was voted “that the committee (Wm. H. Cummings, James R. Young, and Quartus M. Webb) chosen to investigate the accounts of the treasurer and selectmen for 1867,1868, and also the liquor agencies in this toivn for said years, be authorized and instructed to settle any claims that may be found due from J. W. Holton to the town on account- of said agency, and, if said Holton refuses to make a fair settlement and compensation, to institute legal proceedings to recover the same, if said committee deem it best.”</p> <p>At the annual town-meeting, in March, 1871, it was voted, — ■“ S. P. Simonds to be agent for the town to carry on the lawsuit hetAveen John F. Gale and the town, and all other lawsuits now pending Avith said tOAVU.”</p> <p>This suit was instituted by said committee, and the writ was dated and served January 27, 1871. The evidence tended to show that the selectmen of Lisbon had never had anything to do Avith said suit, had never directed or authorized its commencement, and had never recognized or adopted it by any affirmative act. The evidence also tended to show, that the pendency of the suit Avas generally knoAvn to the citizens of the toAvn of Lisbon, at the annual meeting of March, 1871, and since ; and that the pendency of said suit has been knoAvn to the present selectmen of the toAvn since March meeting, 1871; and neither the town nor the selectmen have taken any measures to interfere to have tbe suit discontinued or in any way disposed of, though it appeared that one or more of the selectmen had been present in court a portion of the present term with the knowledge that said suit was entered on the docket, and made no move to have the same dismissed.</p> <p>It does not appear that said Simonds, under the vote of 1871, has ever assumed or undertaken to interfere in any way with this suit.</p> <p>The Messrs. Rand claim to represent the town of Lisbon, and claim that this is. sufficient until the dissent of the town is shown by positive acts. The court, pro forma, denied the motion to dismiss ; and defendant excepted.</p> <p>1. Assuming that the warrants did not authorize the vote of March, 1870, or March, 1871, could Lisbon successfully defend a suit brought by C. W. and E. D. Rand for services rendered at the last March term at Haverhill ? Christie v. Sawyer, 44 N. H. 298 ; Gtoodall v. Bedel, 20 N. H. 205 ; G-oodivin v. Company, 84 N. H. 379. If, under the circumstances of the case, the plaintiffs could not question the authority of their attorneys, a fortiori, the defendant cannot.</p> <p>2. The doctrine of Baker v. Shephard, 24 N. H. 212^ is, that under an article in a warrant “ to choose all necessary town officers,” “ not only tire usual town officers may be chosen, but any committees or agents whose services may be required.”. In that case it was decided that an agent for building a road might be chosen under such an article. The case seems to be decisive upon the point that the vote making S. P. Simonds agent for the town was authorized by the warrant. The vote was passed with the knowledge that this suit was then pending, and beyond question is a ratification of the act of the committee in instituting it. Warren v. Wentworth, 45 N. H. 564; Bachman v. Charles-town, 42 N. H. 125 ; Davis v. School District, 44 N. H. 407 ; 12 N. !L 282 ; 10 N. II. 538.</p> <p>3. A ratification will be presumed also from the conduct of the selectmen. Wright v. Boynton, 37 N. H. 9.</p> <p>4. Previous to March, 1870, Cummings, Young, and Webb had been made a committee to investigate the accounts of the liquor agencies. Baker v. Shephard is an authority that they might have been so chosen by virtue of an article in the warrant to choose all necessary town officers ; and if so, they might have been authorized to bring suit by virtue of such an article.</p> <p>5. But we hold it to be clear that the defendant cannot question the authority of the plaintiffs’ attorneys, so long as there is no proof that they are ..irresponsible, and the plaintiffs themselves choose to be silent. Jackson v. Stewart, 6 Johns. *37, seems to be exactly in point. In that case the court say, — “ The attempt of the defendant to question the authority of the attorney for the plaintiffs in bringing the suit was unavailing. It is the course of the K. B., said Ch. J. Holt (1 Salk. 86), when an attorney tákes upon himself to appear, to look no further, but to proceed as if the attorney had sufficient authority, and to leave the party to bis action against him.” Smyth v. Balch, 40 N. II. 364, and authorities cited.</p> <p>The case shows that the suit was brought and is prosecuted without authority of the plaintiffs, and it must therefore be dismissed. Davis v. School District, 43 N. H. 381; same case, 44 N. H. 398 ; Bank v. Bel-lotes, 28 N. H. 302 ; Smyth v. Balch, 40 N. H. 363. Hollins v. Chester, 46 N. H. 411, is decisive of the lack of authority to institute the suit.</p> <p>The vote of March, 1871, if authorized under the warrant — Baker v. Shephard, 24 N. H. 208 — is not competent evidence for the purpose of showing a ratification by the town of the suit. It cannot be construed as referring to suits brought in the name of the town, but without its consent or authority.</p>

Trover, for lumber. Writ dated Aug. 6, 1869, and served Aug. 9, 1809. From tlie report of a referee, the following facts appeared : The land upon which the lumber was cut was owned by the wife of one Elijah L. Smith (holding it to her sole and separate use), subject to a mortgage to the plaintiff, Bryant, executed by said Smith and wife March 13, 1867, conditioned to secure notes signed by both Smith and Iris wife.

Teespass, by Nathanial K. Sterling against Alexander Warden. The first count alleged the breaking and entering of the plaintiff’s dwelling-house, July 80, 1869, and an assault on the plaintiff and his ■wife; • the second count alleged an assault on the plaintiff; and the third count alleged an assault on the plaintiff’s wife. The defendant, besides the general issue, pleaded nine special pleas, to all of which the plaintiff demurred. , The case was reserved. 1.

<p>A fraud, which will require the interposition of a court of equity, must be such as to have deprived the injured party of the opportunity to avail himself of his rights in a court of law; and it must be an independent fraud, unmixed with any fault or negligence of the party seeking- relief.</p> <p>A court of equity will not grant an injunction or a new trial by way of relief against a judgment at law obtained by fraud, in a case where the party seeking relief has an adequate remedy by application to the court in which the fraud was perpetrated.</p> <p>A bill in equity alleged that the pdaintiffs were entitled to a legacy by virtue of a decree of the court of probate upon the solemn probate of a will; that the heirs at law of the testator duly appealed from said decree, and duly prosecuted such appeal for a certain time, until the said heirs, the executors, and other legatees entered into a corrupt and fraudulent agreement to appropriate the entire estate of the testator to their own use, and to defraud the plaintiffs of their legacy; that by virtue of this agreement the pu-evious decree of the probate court was reversed, and by a subsequent decree the will was disapproved and disallowed. The bill prayed that the latter decree of the probate court be vacated unless the defendants, or some of them, should pay to the plaintiffs the amount of their legacy under the will. The bill did not allege that the plaintiffs had no notice of the appeal, nor of the adjustment of the controversy denominated a “ corrupt and fraudulent agreement.” The circumstances and particulars of the alleged fraud were not disclosed by the bill. Upon demurrer, held, that the plaintiffs were not entitled to the relief sought by the bill.</p>

<p>Assumpsit, by Henry Leonard, by his guardian, George W. Eislier, against George F. Putnam, administrator of the estate of Henry B. Leonard, for money had and received, brought to recover a sum of money in the hands of the defendant as administrator of the estate of said Henry B. Leonard, late of Haverhill, in said county, deceased, by the appointment of the judge of probate for said county of Grafton, by Henry Leonard, a minor son of said Henry B. Leonard, who sues this action by said Fisher (who resides in the State of New York, and has been appointed guardian of said minor by the court of probate for the county of Franklin, in the State of New York, where the plaintiff also resides, and is still such guardian) as his guardian.</p> <p>It was admitted that said Fisher, as such guardian, demanded said money of the defendant before the commencement of this suit, and that the plaintiff is entitled to'recover, if, upon the foregoing facts, said guardian, so appointed, is legally entitled to demand and receive for and in behalf of the plaintiff said money of the defendant.</p> <p>It was agreed that the questions of law arising upon the foregoing case be reserved for the whole court.</p> <p>This is an amicable suit in which the parties seek the direction of the court in what would seem to be a proper case for them to ask such direction.</p> <p>The defendant, as administrator, has funds belonging to the plaintiff (who is a minor), in reference to which all matters have been adjusted preparatory for final payment to the plaintiff. There is no question about the right of the plaintiff to the funds. The only question is as to how and in what way the administrator may discharge his trust properly, and as to what orders or decrees (if any) it may be proper for the probate court to make in the premises. The plaintiff and his guardian both reside in New York, and the guardian has been duly appointed in that State, and has all the authority over the person and estate of'the ward which the laws of the State of 'New York can confer upon him. „</p> <p>Upon these facts the inquiry is, Can the administrator properly pay over the funds to the guardian, and might the probate court here, in its discretion, properly order liim so to do ? or, is there some rigid rule of the law which forbids the administrator and the probate court from such action, however safe and proper they might deem it to be ?</p> <p>It seems to us that it is eminently proper and right that this money should be paid to the plaintiff’s guardian :</p> <p>1st. Because the plaintiff’s residence is in New York, and those persons directly interested in his welfare also reside there; and for them to come here, where they are strangers, and take guardianship here, and procure the necessary bonds here, would be inconvenient, if not impossible, however responsible they may be in fact.</p> <p>2d. Because the plaintiff has been duly put under guardianship, as it respects his person and estate, in the State of his residence, and “ full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State.” U. S. Const., art. 4, sec. 1.</p> <p>3d. Because the funds in question are personal estate and not immovable property, and, the assertion of authority over them by a foreign guardian does not interfere with any local right or law. Story’s Conflict of Laws, secs. 503, 504, 510; Hey dock's Appeal, 7 N. H. 496.</p> <p>4th. Because this case is within the reason of the case of an ancillary administrator, when he is found with a balance in his hands, after a final settlement, in the court from whence he received his appointment. In such a case, it is the duty of the ancillary administrator to pay over the balance in his hands to the principal administrator in the foreign jurisdiction. Story’s Conflict of Laws, sec. 513; Ileydock's Appeal, before cited; Cfoodall v. Marshall, 11 N. II. 88.</p> <p>In conclusion, we submit that the administrator may safely pay over to the guardian, and that the probate court, if not in duty bound to order him to do so, can certainly in its discretion order him to do so with the most perfect propriety.</p> <p>As to the plaintiff’s second position, founded upon the constitution of the United States, we say, that although full faith and credit are to be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State, yet the statutes, judgments, decrees, and appointments of one State have no force as such in any other State, and can not be executed nor give authority to act there. An act, lawfully done in the State of New York, by an officer appointed under the laws of that State, may affect the rights of parties here, but the same acts done here could have no binding or legal effect whatever. See Thompson v. Wilson, 2 N. H. 291; Willard v. Hammond, 21 N. H. 382, 385; Taylor v. Barron, 35 N. H. 485, 495, 496, and authorities cited ; Sabin v. Grilman, 1 N. H. 193 ; Dyer v. Hunt, 5 N. H. 401.</p> <p>Suppose the ward should come into this State, could the guardian lawfully come here and take him back to the State of New York by force, by virtue of his authority as guardian appointed in that State ? Or, suppose the ward had not removed from this State to the State of New York, could tlie guardian lawfully carry him there without his consent? If he could not, it is simply because the guardian’s authority does not extend beyond the limits of the State in which he received his appointment. If he is not entitled to be trusted.as guardian here, the defendant cannot safely deal with him as guardian in respect to the matter in controversy.</p> <p>The ward has rights in the money in the hands of the defendant, which rights originated here ; and the property has come under the legal supervision of the court of probate here, and that court is bound to retain its supervision over and to protect the rights of the ward in it. The ward, by reason of his minority, is incapable of any voluntary action in relation to it, and whatever is done with it must be done without his consent; and the court is not at liberty to allow the property to be taken beyond its jurisdiction without obtaining security for the proper disposition of it, such security as will enable the court to compel such disposition. The ward cannot protect his own rights. Our laws have placed the property under the protection of the court of probate here, and have not authorized that court to relinquish the power of protecting it. The ward may be said to have a vested right to that protection. Guardians appointed here are required to give bonds of a particular character — Gen. Statutes, chapter 165, section 2. —and to invest the property of their wards in a particular manner. Chapter 166, section 11. But the security provided for in those sections may not exist in the State of New York.</p> <p>Ancillary administrators are required to pay over moneys to principal administrators, appointed in the States of their intestate’s domiciles, because such moneys are to be distributed according to the laws of those States ; but no such reason exists here, and the fourth position of the plaintiff’s counsel is therefore without foundation.</p>

<p>Wbit op Entey, by Eleazer Barney against Carey Leeds, for a parcel of land in Canaan, in this county.</p> <p>The cause was tried by the court. The plaintiff’s title was by the extent of an execution in favor of the plaintiff against the tenant, completed September 22, 1866. It appeared by the extent that the land was appraised at one hundred dollars, “ being (as stated in the appraisers’ certificate and in the return) subject to a family homestead,” and was so set off. It appeared also in evidence, that the parcel of land so set off consisted of about one and one fourth acres, with a house and other buildings thereon, all occupied by the tenant for many years before as a family home for himself and his children, he being a widower with four children, his wife having died in 1858. Prior to the death of the defendant’s wife in 1858, the premises in question had been occupied by the defendant, his wife, and children for several years as their only homestead. At the time of the extent, one only of his children, — Horace, born in April, 1848, — was a minor; one other, —Augusta, born April 16,1845, — lived with the tenant at this place, and went West in June,T869, having been married shortly before; and a little before that Horace left and went West. The other two children were away. After the two youngest left him, the tenant continued to make this place his home, — doing his own housework when there, assisted occasionally by his oldest daughter, Tryplienia (and others), who is married andlives at Enfield, in this State, — the tenant still expecting the two youngest children to return to him, from what they had said and written to him, the daugh*°” --~' returned from the West with her husband, and residing temporarily with her sister in this State.</p> <p>It appeared that the tenant owned this land at the time of the extent, but no other, then or since, but that he made no application to have a homestead set off: and that the officer delivered seizin of the land set off to the creditor, who accepted the same, and the extent was recorded.</p> <p>The tenant moved for a nonsuit, which was denied, subject to his exception.</p> <p>And the court found that the tenant did disseize the demandant in manner and form as he has alleged — subject to the tenant’s exceptions.</p> <p>The questions of law arising on the case were reserved for the whole court.</p> <p>A prominent and most important question in this case is, What construction shall be given to that coihposite chaos, chapter 1089, act of July 4, 1851, entitled “ An act to exempt the homesteads of families from attachment and levy or sale on execution ” ?</p> <p>Has a man any rights under that homestead act ? or, do all the rights belong to others, while all the responsibilities belong to him ? Does that law turn the father out of doors — deprive him of his homestead— because the dispensation of Providence deprives him of his wife and children, or disperses the latter, or permits them to live till they are more than twenty-one years of age ?</p> <p>Let us dig down to hard pan. I propose to recount the history of the legislation of this State upon the subject of homestead rights. [The learned counsel then presented an elaborate view of the course and progress of legislation upon the subject, from its commencement by the first petitions for a homestead exemption, to the enactment of the statute of 1851.]</p> <p>To acquire a homestead, is one thing; to retain it, when acquired, is another. Our position, — and it is that of very many of the ablest men in the profession, — is, that marriage is not a pre-requisite, a condition precedent, .to a man’s acquiring a homestead. The statute is somewhat incongruous from its composition, but it certainly does not provide, in terms, that a man must be married in order to acquire a homestead ; and it seems to .us that it cannot be said to require it by any reasonable interpretation or fair implication.</p> <p>The petitioners for such a law never contemplated anything of the kind; and such seems to us the weight of authority as to statutes couched in similar, terms in other States. It seems to us that the last bill, as reported by Wliidden from his committee, or as passed, does not prohibit the unmarried man from acquiring a home'stead. Such a construction would be extremely rigid, and would defeat, in many cases, the humane purposes of the law. If an unmarried man has a house and lot which he treats as his home, where he maintains his .parents in tlieir.declining hours, or his brothers or sisters in their tender years, he comes, certainly, within the equity of the act; and it seems to us that he is within the most rigid construction, “ the head of a family,” and that his homestead is protected for his and their benefit.</p> <p>Webster defines “family” to mean “the collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager.”</p> <p>Worcester defines it to be “ persons collectively, who live together in a house or under one head ; household.”</p> <p>The statute of Iowa provides, “ the homestead of every head of a family is exempt,” &c. “ A man is regarded as the head of a family, though without wife or children, as long as he continues to occupy the house used as such at the time of the death of his wife.” Parso7is v. Livingston Kinkead, 11 Iowa (Withrow) 106. “ The head of a family, primarily, is the husband or father: one may be such, however, without being either.”</p> <p>Thus, the mother may become such upon the death of the husband ; so a son, having a mother, brothers, or sisters, or either, depending upon him for support, and being in a household he controls, might be such head; — and thus we might state many cases where the party claiming exemption would be legally entitled to it, and still not be the husband or father, — and yet, in such case, he must, for the purposes of this inquiry, stand in the place of the father, he must be the master, in law, of the family.” Whalen v. Gadman, Weight, J., 11 Iowa 228, and see authorities hereafter cited.</p> <p>The code of Georgia, sec. 2018 (Jan. 1, 1863), provides, like ours, that the homestead of “ the head of a family ” shall be exempt, &c. The court holds that “ an unmarried man, whose indigent mother and sisters live with him and are supported by him, is the head of a family.” Marsh v. Lazenby, decided July 5, 1870.</p> <p>If the head of a family owns real estate and lives on it, we take it to be quite clear that it is not necessary that there should be a house on it to entitle him to his exemption. He has the right to live in a cave in the ground, in a barn, in a tent, under a tree, or, as in the case of the birth of the Saviour, in a manger. It is enough, under our statute, if he occupies real estate as his home. In this case, there can be no question that the debtor acquired the homestead on which he now lives when he had a wife and children living, and that for years, and until the wife’s death, he and they occupied it as such, nor that it then was exempt from the debt on which the judgment was founded. Has the debtor forfeited that right by the death of his wife, and the fact that the children have become twenty-one years of age ?</p> <p>Death is certainly not “ a release or waiver ” in any just sense of the term. See Weymouth v. Sanborn, 43 N. PI. 175.</p> <p>It is to be observed that our statute puts the homestead in the head of the family, and such has been the uniform construction given by our court. Others may have rights in it, but it is his homestead. “ It [the act] exempts the homestead which it sets up in the lifetime of the owner for his benefit.” Noms v. Moulton, 34 N. H. 395, top of page.</p> <p>“ The act creates and sets up in every owner of the estate or property occupied by him as the head of a family for his family dwelling,” &c. Same case 395, 396. “ It [the act] has a more liberal and consistent purpose in securing to all alike the benefits of the homestead which it creates as a right in the head of every family during his life.” Fletcher v. State Capital Bank, 37 N. H. 391. “ The right to be so set off is Ms homestead, to be exempted from attachment and levy or sale on execution against Mm, the head of the family, as the judgment debtor; and if set off on the application of the wife, it is to be for Ms and her benefit, in Ms right and during his life.” Same case, p. 395.</p> <p>The doctrine" of Strachn v. Foss, 42 N. H. 47, is, that the wife or minor children have no homestead right except what comes through the husband. The court, .in Miles v. Miles, 46 N. H. 265, say, of the doctrine that the right of a wife in a homestead is a “ vested interest,” — “A similar construction, we think, is to be given to our statute relating to the family homestead that is exempt from attachment and execution during the life of the husband.” The court also hold in this case that the words “ widow ” and “ wife ” are merely terms of description, and that she is entitled to a homestead although after wards married.</p> <p>If these terms are mere description, so is the term husband used in the same act: he is as much a husband after his wife’s death, as she a widow, &c., after her remarriage.</p> <p>In Tucker v. Keniston, 47 N. H. 267-272, a leading and very carefully considered case, it is held that the homestead right of the debtor is an “ estate.” That he was “ to be left at full liberty to sell, exchange, or mortgage Ms homestead, subject only to the claims of the wife and minor children.” Same case, p. 268. That the debtor “is ordinarily the owner of the entire estate, and not of a mere life interest.” Same case, p. 268. The act itself provides that such homestead shall be set out as he may select; and the court, in Tucker v. Keniston, say, “ whereas, in respect to the husband, the entire estate is vested in him.” Same case, p. 270.</p> <p>The law leans strongly against the forfeiture of homestead estates by condition subsequent. Locke v. Rowell, 47 N. H. 46-51. It will enforce such penalty only for “ the unequivocal purpose or act of the ” person entitled to homestead. Same case, p. 50 ; Meader v. Place, 43 N. H. 307, 308.</p> <p>There is nothing in the act which warrants the harsh interpretation, that this defendant shall lose his homestead because of the death of his wife, which was the act of God, and which he could not prevent. We have already commented upon the terms used in the previous bills, and on the fact that every bill or provision was swept away by the feeling in favor of a liberal act.</p> <p>We now call the special attention of the court to two provisions of the bill which, as amended, subsequently became the law. Section 1 provided, “ Such exemption shall continue after the death of either the husband or wife, for the benefit of the survivor and minor children,” &c. Section 3 provided that the sheriff should set off, &e., “ on application of the debtor, or his wife, if such debtor have a family.”</p> <p>Taking these two provisions together, there could be no possible doubt as to their meaning. If the debtor and bis wife were both alive, either could make the application ; but if she were dead, he could make it, if he alone were living. The latter provision stands in chapter 1089 in the same words and in precisely the same connection as in the reported bill, and means the same. The change in the phraseology of the clause first cited was made on the motion of Mr. Quincy of Rumney. It was plainly not his purpose to change the legal effect of the bill as it then stood. His view must have been that where the husband owned the real estate, and the law vested the homestead in him, it was wholly unnecessary to declare that it continued in him, and should not be forfeited by acts over which he had no control; which is rendered still more apparent by the fact that section 2, substituted by him, is section 2 as reported, in fewer words; and such is the construction given by some of the ablest courts in other States to similar provisions. The first part of section 1, as substituted by Mr. Quincy, and the retention of the other clause, show his purpose.</p> <p>The clause we have cited from section 3 shows that the debtor had, by fair implication, a right to have Ms homestead set out when he had no wife or children left.</p> <p>The cases in this State have all gone in this direction. Whether the husband, without cause, drives his wife away, or she, of her own wrong, — or the minor children, — abandon him, the homestead right is forfeited by neither. Atkinson v. Atkinson, 37 N. H. 436 ; Atkinson v. Atkinson, 40 N. H. 251; Strachn v. Foss, 42 N. H. 44: Meader v. Place, 43 N. H. 308.</p> <p>The supreme court of Massachusetts, under a statute in general more restrictive than our own, but with the same provision in relation to the wife and minor children after the husband’s death as ours, have settled that “ an estate of homestead is not defeated by the removal of the wife and children of the householder from the premises, or by her obtaining a divorce and a decree giving her the custody of the children,” “ or by the death or absence of his wife and children.” Boyle v. Coburn, 6 Allen 71-73 , Silloway v. Brown, 12 Allen 34.</p> <p>The statute of Texas, like ours, exempted “ the homestead of the head of each family.” The supreme court of Texas has decided that “the death of the wife while it was his homestead, and his having no children, did not destroy its distinctive character of a homestead ; he continued to reside there with his slaves, hirelings, and niece, and her husband, Mr. McAllister. If he had been without servants or any one with him after the death of his wife, it would have been his homestead so long as it continued to be his residence.” Wood v. Wheeler, Hemp-hill, C. J., 7 Texas 13-26; Taylor v. Bouhvare, 17 Texas 77.</p> <p>So, in Iowa, “ where a widower without children acquired real property, which he occupied as a homestead for himself and his mother, who was the sole member of his family,” it was held that he was the bead of a family witliin the meaning of the statute, and that the premises so occupied were exempt from levy, &c. Parsons v. Livingston Kinlcead, 11 Iowa (Withrow) 104 ; Whalen v. 0'admen, 11 Iowa 226— 228 ; Burns v. Keas, 21 Iowa 257 ; Byers v. Byers, 21 Iowa 268; Langworthy v. McKelvey, 25 Iowa 48 ; Dodds v. Dodds, 26 Iowa 312.</p> <p>If our conclusions are sound, the defendant, in this case, stands to-day precisely as if his wife were still alive, and they all, to this day, had occupied the premises as their homestead.</p> <p>What then ?</p> <p>The plaintiff has shown by his acts that he would not have claimed to hold the premises upon this levy if the defendant’s wife were still living, and his children tinder twenty-one, and all upon the premises. He slept upon his levy until all had left except the father; besides, all the defendant did was to live there and take the profits. New things are better settled than that this does not amount to an ouster. There was no evidence at the trial beyond this.</p> <p>The authorities cited from Iowa can have no bearing on the case, because their code provides that a widow or widower, though without children, shall be deemed the head of a family while continuing to occupy the house used as such at the time of the death of the husband’ or wife. See Laws of 1860, page 403, chap. 98, sec. 2278, code 1246. It is, we think, fair to presume that the legislators of Iowa deemed such a provision necessary, in order to secure the homestead to the widow or widower where there were no minor children, in case of the death of husband or wife. Scott, J., in Bears v. Hanks, 14 Ohio 300, 301, says,— “ The humane policy of the homestead act seeks not the protection of the debtor, but its object is to protect his family from the inhumanity which would deprive its dependent members of a home. Its benefits can only be claimed by heads of families — married persons living together as husband and wife, and widowers or widows having unmarried minor child or children residing with them as a part of their family.” The provision of the Ohio legislature is, — “ The family homestead of each head of a family shall be exempt.” Also, sec. 4 of the same statute provides that very widower or widow, having unmarried minor , child or children residing with him or her as a part of his or her family, shall have the benefit of this act in the same manner as married persons; and married persons living together as husband and wife shall be entitled to the exemption in this act provided, although they shall have no children.” From this it is clear that a widower, like the defendant in this case, in Ohio would not be entitled to a homestead. Their statute is similar to ours: theirs, “ the family homestead of each head of a family ;” ours, “ the family homestead of the head of each family.” The statute is, “ the head of each family.” Webster says,— “ Family means the collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as the case may be, lodgers or boarders.” Now, how can it bo claimed that this defendant is the head of a family ? In order to hold a homestead, he must be the head of a family, and that family must reside with him upon the homestead. The case does not find any such fact. His wife is dead; the four children have arrived at majority; the two girls are married and living away; the other two are boys, — one in California, the other in the West, and have been gone for moro than two years; the defendant making this place his home, doing his own work when there, assisted occasionally by Tryphenia and others. The fact is, no one has lived with the defendant upon this placo for moro than two years. Who are the family ? It must be a collective body of persons who live in one house. The defendant there alone cannot be the head of a family. We think a humane and just construction of the statute would be to give a homestead to a widower who had minor children living -with him upon the homestead during their minority. Even if it could be claimed that he is the head of a family when the adult children continue to reside with him, we think it is certain that those children must continue to rpside with him upon the homestead in order to constitute a family. See 11 Iowa 226 ; 10 Allen 425. The defendant’s expectations as to his children’s returning can have no bearing, as we can see, in this case. When they arrive at majority, and choose to seek a home elsewhere, and do so, then the family relation, as such, ceased to exist, and their returning after-wards would not revive the right of the defendant to a homestead, if such right existed before the separation of the family. Sec. 1 of the act of 1851 provides that the homestead shall not be assets, nor subject to the laws of distribution or devise, so long as the widow or minor children, or any or either of them, shall occupy the same. Sec. 8 provides that The sheriff, executing any execution founded on any judgment such as is mentioned in the first section of this chapter, on application of the debtor or his wife, if such debtor shall have a family, and if the lands and tenements about to be levied on or any part thereof shall be the homestead and estate thereof.” Now from sec. 1, it seems clear that the statute was intended for the protection of the head of such family — a person having a family living with him on the homestead, a widow and minor children, and those only; and that sec. 8 provides, in case of the sheriff making a levy, the debtor has no protection unless such debtor shall have a family, clearly showing that it was not intended that a widower or a man having no family should hold a homestead. We claim that the law was intended for the protection of the wife, widow, and minor children. Such a construction would make the old law in harmony with the new, and no matter when the homestead was acquired, all parties would stand alike. It is true that in Massachusetts they have held that the death of the wife and absence of the children would not deprive the widower of a homestead; but it is upon the ground that others are adopted as members of the household, which the defendant has not done. Doyle v. Coburn, 6 Allen 78.</p> <p>II. The presumption of law wohld be that the execution was regularly issued. It is not necessary that it should appear on tlie face of tbe execution that a motion was made to have the execution made returnable at a second subsequent term. If it appeared by the record, that would be enough; and it did so appear in evidence before the presiding judge.</p> <p>III. An obvious mistake by an officer in the date of his return on an execution will not defeat the levy, and if there be two dates which are inconsistent with each other, one of them will be rejected. Shove v. Boiv, IB Mass. 529.</p> <p>IY. If the court should be of opinion that the defendant is entitled to a homestead in the demanded premises, then the plaintiff should have judgment, subject to the right of homestead and the possession incident thereto. The plaintiff’s and defendant’s rights would be like those of tenants in common, holding by several and distinct titles, but by unity of possession. Castle v. Palmer, 6 Allen 401; Silloivay v. Brown, 12 Allen 33-37 ; Boyle v. Coburn, 6 Allen 73.</p> <p>FOSTER, J. The case before us calls for an answer to, several very important questions, some of which are entirely new to the' jurisprudence of this State.</p> <p>The homestead exemption laws are of comparatively recent origin, nearly all of them having been enacted within the last twenty years. Homestead exemption is peculiarly an American institution. If anything similar to it exists in any other country, we are not aware of it. But, recent as is the inauguration of the policy, laws of this character now exist in as many as twenty-nine States of the Union. There is a general similarity in their provisions, and in the purpose and intention evinced by their authors ; and yet, in important particulars, no two of them are precisely alike. The more recent legislators, borrowing to a large extent the language of the earlier .laws, have invariably sought to engraft upon the borrowed stock supposed improvements, especially adapted to the condition of the people for whom the particular statute was designed. The result is a confused and almost inexplicable system, indicative of differing intentions, theories, and designs on the part of the law-makers, with regard to the practical application of the law, expressed, generally, without any very successful attempt at definition of terms or manifestation of meaning and purposé. The inevitable consequence is a conflict of judicial construction and interpretation, but a pretty general agreement of the courts and the legal profession in sentiments of disgust for the unsatisfactory and uncertain condition of this department of jurisprudence.</p> <p>The common law has no analogous interest or estate, — the right of homestead exemption, as we have suggested, owing its creation wholly to statutes. This anomalous estate is generally treated of as being within the category of estates for life. 1 Washb. Real Prop. 325; Norris v. Moulton, 34 N. H. 396; Fletcher v. State Capital Bank, 37 N. H. 391; Atkinson v. Atkinson, 37 N. H. 436; Miles v. Miles, 46 N. H. 263; Davis v. Andrews, 30 Vt. 681; Deere v. Chapman, 25 Ill. 610; Silloway v. Brown, 12 Allen 30.</p> <p>These statutes, it is said, are founded upon considerations of public policy. Robinson v. Wiley, 15 N. Y. 494.</p> <p>“The general policy,” says Mr. "Washburn, “under which these laws have been instituted, has been to secure to a householder and liis family the benefit of a home beyond the reach of legal process on the part of creditors.”</p> <p>The principles of construction applied to these statutes by some courts are of the strictest character, as to a statute in derogation of the common law (Colson v. Nelson, 3 Minn. 63), while other courts “have sought, even in terms of rhetoric, for adequate forms of expressing the liberal extent to which the statute should be carried.” See Gunnison v. Twitchel, 38 N. H. 69; 1 Washb. Real Prop. 326. Mr. Ch. J. Perley, in Buxton v. Dearborn, 46 N. H. 44, has declared the recent opinion of this court to be that “ the statute should have a liberal interpretation to accomplish the object of the law,” not “ a narrow construction, tending to defeat the humane object of the statute.” That object was declared to be “ to leave, for the upholding and support of a debtor’s family, a property where they lived, not exceeding five hundred dollars in value, that should be protected from levy and attachment for his debts.” In Illinois the statute is treated as a remedial measure, and is construed liberally. Deere v. Chapman, before cited.</p> <p>A prominent object of the statute, in this State, has been said to be “ the encouragement of unfortunate debtors.” Gunnison v. Twitchel, before cited.</p> <p>The extent of the execution against the tenant, upon which the de-mandant relies to sustain his writ of entry and to recover in this action, was completed prior to the enactment of the General Statutes, by which, and by subsequent laws, the homestead exemption act of 1851 has been to some extent amended and modified. Therefore, so far as the rights of the parties depend upon the construction of the homestead laws, it is the act of 1851 that now requires our consideration.</p> <p>In the examination of the important questions thus presented, we have been materially assisted by the thorough investigation of counsel into the history of the legislation of this State upon this subject.</p> <p>The first question presented is, whether, at the time of the extent of the execution upon the demanded premises, the tenant had any right of homestead therein. If he had,'another question will be, whether he has since lost it, or in any way been deprived of it.</p> <p>The parcel of land set off upon the demandant’s execution consisted of about one and one fourth acres, with a house and other buildings thereon, all occupied by the tenant for many years before as a family home for himself and his children, he being a widower with four children, his wife having died in 1858. At the time of the extent, September 22,1866, only one of his children was a minor; one other, as well as the minor child, resided with the father upon the premises.</p> <p>"Was the tenant entitled to any homestead exemption, independent of his relation to a family ? The learned counsel for the tenant insists that the manifest intention and desire of the people petitioning the legislature of 1850 was, to secure a right of homestead to every citizen or inhabitant of the State; that this is indicated, not only by the language of the petitioners (wherein they besought the legislature to pass a'law in addition to or in extension of the exemption laws, which would secure to each “ citizen ” or “ inhabitant ” of this State a house and lot of “ reasonable value,” or “ not exceeding five hundred dollars in value,” or “ a reasonable amount of real estate,” or “ reasonable quantity of land,” and thus relieve them from the sad thoughts of “ the lonely occupant of the poor-house ”), but, also, by the geueral tenor of the bills introduced by those legislators who are designated as”me pioneers in the movement (Mr. Fierce, of Hillsborough, and Mr. Wlndden, of Lancaster), which bills, it is said, were the framework and foundation of the law ultimately enacted.</p> <p>But whatever the petitioners or their advocates in the legislature may have desired and hoped for, it is manifest that the legislature-very deliberately refused to confer a right of homestead exemption upon an unmarried citizen or inhabitant who was not the head of a family.</p> <p>A bill introduced by Mr. Pierce, and another by Mr. Whidden, were referred to a select committee.</p> <p>Mr. Pierce’s bill, in its first section, conferred the right upon “ any citizen” ; Mr. Whidden’s, upon “ each head of a family.” Mr. Whid-den’s bill also provided that “ every widower or widow having an unmarried minor child or children residing with him or her, as part of his or her family, shall have the benefit of this act.” The select committee reported neither of these bills, — but another, made up of these in part, and in part of the suggestions put forth by the committee. This bill exempted the real estate of “ any citizen,” and incorporated the provision from Mr. Whidden’s bill, conferring the benefits of the act upon a widower having an unmarried minor child residing with him.</p> <p>A motion to strike out this provision was refused, but a motion so to amend as to give the benefit of the act, not only to a widower or widow having an unmarried minor child, but to any other “ unmarried person,” was also denied.</p> <p>The select committee’s bill also provided that “ such exemption shall continue after the death of either the husband or wife, for the benefit of the suinNor and minor children,” but this provision was stricken out by Pic House. No definite legislation was had during the session of 1850.</p> <p>At the session of 1851 the law was enacted which we are now considering.</p> <p>That law, instead of conferring the right of homestead exemption upon every citizen or inhabitant, as in Mr. Pierce’s bill and in the bill reported by the select committee of the preceding legislature, limits the exemption to “ the family homestead of the head of each family.”</p> <p>The- provision of Mr. Whidden’s bill conferring the benefits of the act upon “ every widow or widower having an unmarried minor child or children residing with him or her as part of his or her family,” is not incorporated in the act of 1851.</p> <p>Instead of a provision in Mr. Pierce’s bill that the exempted real estate shall not be deemed assets in the hands of any administrator or executor of the debtor, in case such deceased debtor shall have a wife or minor children, the law of 1851 provides (sec. 1) that it shall not be such assets “ so long- as the wife or minor children, or any or either of them, shall occupy the same.”</p> <p>A provision in the bill reported by the select committee, that “ such exemption shall continue after the death of either the husband or wife, for the benefit of the survivor and minor children,” is not to be found in the law of 1851.</p> <p>Such is, in part, the history of the legislation which preceded the act of 1851; from which is to be inferred (as I think we shall conclude when we come to consider the law as it was finally enacted), not necessarily, that a widow or widower having an unmarried minor child or children residing with him or her as part of his or her family, should not in any case have the benefits of the act — very clearly not that the exempted real estate shall be deemed assets in the hands of an executor or administrator, notwithstanding the deceased debtor left a wife and minor children surviving him, nor that the exemption should in no case continue after the death of either the husband or wife, for the benefit of tlie survivor and minor children. That such was not the intention of the law-makers will become apparent when we come to consider the manifest objects and purposes of the law.</p> <p>But we think it is quite apparent that the intention was not to confer the right of homestead exemption upon every citizen, independent of his relation to and connection and association with other persons.</p> <p>“ In the exposition of a statute, the intention of a legislator may be discovered from different signs.</p> <p>“As a primary rule, it is to be collected from the words ; when the words are not explicit, it is to be gathered from the occasion and necessity of the law, the defect in the former law and the designed remedy being the causes which moved the legislature to enact it.” Dwarris on Statutes 184; Hart v. Cleis, 8 Johns. 44.</p> <p>What, then, is the language of the act ?</p> <p>The first section exempts from attachment and levy or sale on execution, on any judgment rendered on any cause of action accruing after the taking effect of the act (subject to certain exceptions afterwards enumerated), “the family homestead of the head of each family,” provided such homestead shall not exceed in value five hundred dollars.</p> <p>Such homestead shall not be assets in the hands of an administrator for the payment of debts, nor subject to the laws of distribution or devise, so long as the widow or minor children, or any or either of them, shall occupy the same. The sheriff, executing a writ of execution “ on application of the debtor or his wife, if such debtor have a family, and if the lands and tenements about to be levied on, or any part thereof, shall be the homestead or estate thereof,” shall cause a homestead to be set off.</p> <p>If the homestead consist of a house, or house and lot, which cannot be divided without inconvenience, five hundred dollars of the proceeds of a sale thereof may be deposited to the credit of the debtor and his wife in a savings bank, and may be drawn therefrom “only by the joint order of the husband and wife, or by the survivor in case one should decease.” „</p> <p>□ Perhaps it is unnecessary at present, if at all, to refer to other provisions of the statute.</p> <p>We are forced to admit that, in this as in most of the statutes of similar character, the words employed are not explicit. The law gives us no definition.of its most important terms. The exemption is of “ the family homestead of the head of each family.” But wliat is a family homestead ? The homestead has been defined “ the place where one’s dwelling is.” Appleton’s Am. Cyclopaedia. RichaRDSON, C. J., in Woodman v. Lane, 7 N. H. 245, says,—“A homestead is the place of the house. Coke says, — ‘ Stethe, or sted, betokeneth properly a bank of a river, and many times a place.’ Co. Lit. 4 A Homestead, then, means nothing more nor less than ‘ home place,’ or place of the home.’ ” Austin v. Stanley, 46 N. H. 52. The term “ homestead ” is used in the statute without further qualification ; but while it is more properly and strictly speaking the home place, or place of the home, yet it has been held in this State that a small piece of land, on which hay is cut for a cow kept at the house where a man lives, may be regarded as a part of his homestead, though the land is separate from the house and a mile distant, provided the house and land together do not exceed five hundred dollars in value, and the land is used in connection with the house to furnish necessary feed for the cow. Buxton v. Dearborn, 46 N. H. 43.</p> <p>The home, according to all lexicographers, and in common parlance, is a residence or dwelling-place — it may be a palace or a cot; and so the homestead or home place of a family — the family homestead named in the statute — must mean the residence or dwelling-place of a family. This it is, then, which is exempted from attachment or levy.</p> <p>But the exemption is of “ the family homestead of the head of each family.” The very important question therefore occurs, Who is the head of a family ?</p> <p>Probably the primary signification would be, — the husband and father of a wife and children residing together'; but the term cannot be thus restricted, especially when used in a statute requiring a liberal construction in order “ to accomplish the humane object of the law.”</p> <p>Webster defines “ family” to be “ the collective body of persons who' live in one house, and under one head or manager.”</p> <p>"Worcester’s definition is, — “The persons, collectively,who live together in a house, or under one head; household.”</p> <p>Within the scope of these definitions, it is manifest that one may be the head of a family who is not a husband or father, provided he is the head or manager of a household of collected persons.</p> <p>It is a familiar principle that, in the construction of a doubtful law, the contemporaneous construction of persons appointed to execute it is entitled to great respect. Edwards's Lessee v. Darby, 12 Wheat. 210; United States v. The Recorder, 1 Blatch. C. C. 218.</p> <p>Let us, therefore, consider tlie construction given to this form of expression, or its equivalent terms, in analogous statutes, by the courts in other jurisdictions, in connection with the expressed declarations of the courts concerning the probable intention of the law-makers, and the object and design of such statutes.</p> <p>The homestead act of Ohio (2 Rev. St. 1145) exempts “ the family homestead of each head of a family.” Scott, J., in Sears v. Hanks, 14 Ohio 300, 301, says, — “ The humane policy of the homestead act seeks not the protection of the debtor, but its object is to protect -his family from the inhumanity which would deprive its dependent members of a home. Its benefits can only be claimed by heads of families — married persons living together as husband and wife, and widowers or widows having an unmarried minor child or children residing with them as a part of their family. And, in aid of this wise and humane policy, tlie whole act should receive as liberal a construction as can be fairly given to it.”</p> <p>Now we are constrained to say that a construction like this, which limits the signification of tlie term “ heads of families ” to “ married persons living together as husband and wife, and widowers or widows having an unmarried minor child or children residing with them as a part of their family,” is not quite as liberal a construction as could fairly be given in aid of the “ wise and humane policy ” of the law.</p> <p>The Law of Iowa, code of 1851, ch. 81, sec. 1245, declares that “ the ' homestead of every head of a family is exempt from judicial sale.”</p> <p>It also provides (sec. 1246) that a widow or widower, though without children, shall be deemed tlie head of a family while continuing to occupy the house used as such at the death of the husband or wife.” But, independent of the latter section, and in construction of the former, it was held that a widower without children, not continuing to occupy the house used as a homestead at the death of his wife, but subsequently purchasing and moving into a house with his mother and no one else, was to be regarded as the head of a family. Parsons v. Livingston, 11 Iowa 105. And in the same case it is said, — “ It is claimed that the legislature have indicated that the exemption is for the benefit of the widow and children only; but these sections are intended to provide the manner in which such homestead may descend, and not as defining the persons entitled to such exemption.”</p> <p>In Whalen v. Cadman, 11 Iowa 226, it was held that an unmarried man, with whom his brother and his brother’s wife lived, and for whom they kept house, he furnishing the necessaries for housekeeping and living, was not the head of a family — Weight, J., saying, — “ The head of a family is primarily the husband and father. One may be such head, however, without being either. Thus the mother may become such upon the death of the husband. So a son, having a mother, brothers, or sisters, or either, depending upon him for support, and living in a household which he controls, might be such head ; — and thus we might state many cases where the party claiming exemption would be legally entitled to it, and still not be the husband or father, — and yet in such case he must stand in the place of the father; he must be the master, in law, of the family.</p> <p>The Code of Georgia, sec. 2013, provides that the homestead of “ the kead of a family ” shall be exempt.</p> <p>In Marsh v. Lazenby, decided July 5, 1870, as reported in the Am. Law Reg. for Jan., 1871, p. 8, the court held that “an unmarried man, whose indigent mother and sisters live with him and are supported by him, is the head of a family.”</p> <p>The Constitution of the State of California, art. 11, sec. 15, provides that “ the legislature shall protect by law from forced sale a certain portion of the homestead and other property of all heads of families.” In this provision, the homestead to bo protected is called the property of the head of the family. And in the first and second sections of the act to exempt the homestead and other property from forced sale (Comp. Laws 850), the head of the family is called “ the owner ” of the homestead. And it is held that “ any individual of either sex may be the head of a family. It is not necessary that the head of a family should be a married person.” Revalk v. Kraemer, 8 Cal. 72.</p> <p>The statute of Illinois exempts “ the lot of ground and the buildings thereon, occupied as a residence and owned by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of one thousand dollars.” “ Having a wife is having a family.” Kitchell v. Burgwin, 21 Ill. 44.</p> <p>“ The object of the law,” it is said, most clearly is to secure the head of the family in the possession and enjoyment of the lot and buildings, for the maintenance and shelter of himself and family, as a home, without any special regard to the extent of the estate or title by which he owned it. * * * We regard the statute as remedial in its nature— intended to remove grievances under which the unfortunate labored, and to save them, amid all their losses and disasters, a shelter for the family — a home. Being remedial, it must be so construed as most effectually to meet the benevolent end in view.” Concerning the term “ owner ” it is said, — “ The clear legal import of it embraces as well the owner of a life estate in land as the owner of the fee therein.” Deere v. Chapman, 25 Ill. 610.</p> <p>In Indiana, the exemption is limited to a “ resident householder but it has been held to extend to one living with his sister, who contributes to the expenses of the household. 2 Ind. Stats. 367; Graham v. Crockett, 18 Ind. 119.</p> <p>In Minnesota, the exemption is to the owner and occupant of the premises as a residence. This may be the debtor himself, his widow, or minor children, who shall be the occupants for the purposes of a home. Folsom v. Carli, 5 Minn. 337; Tillotson v. Millard, 7 Minn. 520.</p> <p>But it is unnecessary for us to determine whether, under the law of this State, an unmarried man may, in any case, acquire a homestead— whether such person, surrounding himself at his residence by a collective body of persons, who may be aged parents, or brothers and sisters of tender years, or in indigent circumstances, is the head of a family — although to hold otherwise would seem to be contrary to the equity and spirit of an' act which has been said to require a liberal construction.</p> <p>In the present case, the premises had, for many years prior to the death of the tenant’s wife in 1858, been occupied by him and his wife and children as their only homestead. After the death of his wife, he continued with two of his children, one of them a minor, to occupy the premises until a period subsequent to the completion of the extent. It will not be pretended that a man is no longer the head of the family because his wife is dead, leaving with him minor children. He would seem to be more the head than ever, when the responsibility and care of the remnant of the family are thus cast solely upon him.</p> <p>And if the widower provides a home — a shelter and support — for the family,.of how many or how few must the family consist in order that he may be the head of it ? Of six, or three, or two persons, or of one minor, helpless child ?</p> <p>I suppose it would not be contended that the young man who takes to himself a wife, and provides for her, before any children are born unto him, a home and shelter, is not the head of a family and entitled to a homestead exemption. And if the husband is the head of the wife (Ephesians 5, xsiii) and therefore the head of a family, so, also, is the widower the head of his one motherless child, and thus the head of a family.</p> <p>Such was the position of this tenant at the date of the levy upon the premises, and, as such, his homestead was exempt from such levy to the extent of the value of five hundred dollars.</p> <p>Moreover, the extent.was made “ subject to a family homestead,” and the premises were so set off to the demandant, and seizin thereof accepted by him. It seems doubtful what was the intention of the appraisers, who certified that, having examined a cei’tain tract of land, &c., and appraised the same at its just value, they do upon their oaths say, that “ the same tract of land is of the value of one hundred dollars, being subject to a family homestead, and no more and that they have set off the same land by metes and bounds as aforesaid, in part satisfaction of the plaintiffs execution.</p> <p>It would seem that the value of the homestead right was deducted from the amount of the appraisal, and that they intended to set off the reversionary interest.</p> <p>But how could this be done ? what warrant is there in the law for such a proceeding ? The method of procedure is clearly pointed out. The sheriff has no power to extend an execution upon the homestead, it being expressly exempt from both attachment and execution—Fogg v. Fogg, 40 N. H. 288; in which case it was held, that if the premises upon which the execution was levied exceeded in value the sum of $500, still, the officer had no power to extend the execution upon the excess or surplus; that he could proceed only in the mode pointed out by the statute; and, therefore, that the extent of the execution upon the whole land, without first setting out a homestead, after due application, was wholly inoperative and void, even as to the surplus beyond the value of |500. The doctrine of this case was reaffirmed in Tucker v. Keniston, 47 N. H. 268.</p> <p>But in the present case the debtor made no application, under the third section of the act, to have a homestead set oil' to him.</p> <p>Has he, then, lost all his rights in the homestead by this neglect ? In Fletcher v. The State Capital Bank, 37 N. H. 369, it was strongly intimated that the provision of the third section, giving the debtor the right to have his homestead set off to him upon application to the officer about to levy upon it, was a right not exclusive of all other rights and remedies; that where a remedy is given by statute, in order that a right may be more effectually, or more conveniently or expeditiously enforced, the provision giving the remedy, being intended for the benefit of the party to whom it is granted, is, unless other remedies are expressly excluded, to be considered cumulative rather than restrictive ; and that the remedy given by the statute, of a set-off of the homestead by appraisers appointed on application to the officer levying the execution, is intended for the benefit of the debtor, that he may have a more convenient and expeditious method for having his homestead interest assigned to him in severalty, when the estate in which his homestead right subsists is about to be taken on execution, than the more tardy and complicated proceedings of a petition for partition. See Chesley v. Smith, 1 N. H. 20; Dwarris on Statutes 262.</p> <p>And in Fogg v. Fogg, before cited, Mr. Justice Bellows says, — “ It is clearly the duty of the sheriff to make the assignment [to the debtor upon his application]. It is expressly so provided in the statute, and no other mode of doing it is prescribed. It is true, it has been held that where no application was made to the sheriff to assign the homestead, the right to it could not be regarded as waived or lost, but that other proceedings may be instituted to obtain an assignment of the homestead, at least by the wife after the death of the husband, filie court having held that the nature of the provisions of the act is such as to exclude the idea that the remedy provided was to be the only one.” And if, as suggested in Fletcher v. The Bank, the remedy given by the statute, of a set-off' of the homestead by appraisers upon the debtor’s application, is only intended for the benefit of the debtor, because more expeditious and convenient for him than proceedings for partition or some other tardy and complicated remedy, it is difficult to see why it should be considered that, by neglect to make such application, the debtor’s exemption is lost during his life, and a remedy of some sort, not provided by the statute, pertains only to the inchoate and contingent interest of the wife.</p> <p>We are inclined to regard the proper construction of the third section to be as suggested, and to entertain the opinion that the debtor’s right of homestead exemption was not waived or lost by his neglect to make application to tlie officer to have the homestead set off to him in severalty.</p> <p>How does the matter stand, then ? He has clearly waived the right to have it assigned in the manner pointed out by the statute,and if lie lias any rights he must resort to some other means for their enforcement. The debtor having failed to insist upon his statutory rights, the creditor is not to be forbidden to extend his execution upon the premises in some way which shall be at least as effectual as if the debtor, taking advantage of his statutory rights, had interrupted the levy by requiring an assignment of the homestead to himself, leaving the surplus to be assigned to the creditor. And whether or not the creditor might have extended his execution, in these circumstances, upon the whole property, entirely regardless of any supposed right of exemption, we are clearly of the opinion that he might properly proceed in the way adopted by him, and set off the premises “ subject to a family homestead.” See Fletcher v. The State Capital Bank, before cited.</p> <p>The demandant, then, having taken the premises by virtue of the extent upon which he now relies, subject to the homestead exemption, is estopped to deny the validity of the tenant’s then existing rights.</p> <p>The demandant was not a stranger taking under the extent without notice, but he knew all the facts respecting the title and the tenant’s claim of an incumbrance upon the property, and took it subject thereto.</p> <p>It was at his option, perhaps, to treat the claim of exemption as invalid, and to cause the estate to be set off to him in fee at an appraisement, wholly regardless of the debtor’s claim, or to treat the claim for exemption as valid and effectual, and take by extent the premises, subject to such claim. This latter proceeding he has adopted.</p> <p>The demandant claims under a statute title an officer’s extent, which operates only by -way of the execution of a statute power, by which nothing passes unless all the circumstances concur in establishing the case on which the power is given. If there was no homestead exemption there was no reversionary right, and the creditor could not cause such an interest to be set off; and, as an attempt to set off a reversion, the extent would be inoperative and void. But, as we have seen, the creditor did not undertake to set off the reversion, or if he did his undertaking was ineffectual. Tucker v. Keniston, before cited. On the contrary, by taking the premises under the extent “ subject to a family homestead,” he chooses to treat such homestead as a subsisting incum-brance, and is afterwards estopped to deny, its existence and validity.</p> <p>Such result would ordinarily be conformable to equity, as well as in accordance with legal principles. The appraised value must be understood to be the value of the estate over and above the incumbrance. If the demandant could afterwards avoid that incumbrance and hold the whole estate, he might get it for a very inadequate consideration. ■Therefore it would seem that he should make' his election, at the time of the levy, whether he will submit to take the estate subject to the claim of homestead exemption, or whether he will contest it.</p> <p>. If he adopts the latter course, it would be tlie duty of tlie appraisers to make no deduction from tlie estimated value of the estate on account of tlie incumbrance, and of the officer to make no exception thereof in his return.</p> <p>And such would seem to be the only prudent course of procedure in a case like the present, where the debtor has not seen fit to make application for the setting off of his homestead under the third section of the act. See Russell v. Dudley, 3 Met. 147; Brewer v. Hyndman, 18 N. H. 9; Flanders v. Jones, 30 N. H. 154; Bean v. Brackett, 34 N. H. 102.</p> <p>This result, however, must be held to have application, in the present case, in which the demandant’s claim against the tenant is of greater amount than the probable value of the whole premises, including the homestead, to the condition o’f things existing at the time of the extent, and hot at the date of the commencement of this action.</p> <p>He took the premises subject to an incumbrance then existing; but it would not be contrary to the equity of the case to hold that, since the whole estate, including the homestead, is not of sufficient value to pay the demandant’s just claim, he shall be permitted now to hold the estate discharged of the incumbrance, if the debtor has, since the levy, waived or lost in any way the homestead exemption right then existing, and subject only to which the demandant took the entire estate.</p> <p>We have seen that the tenant has not lost his right of homestead by neglecting to make application to have it set off to him. Fletcher v. The Bank, before cited.</p> <p>The question, then, is presented, — Has the tenant lost his homestead by reason of the death of his wife and the arrival of his children at majority, he still continuing to occupy the premises as and for his own home ?</p> <p>There was clearly no voluntary waiver of his rights. The only way iu which a homestead estate can be effectually waived or released, in this State, is by deed executed by a husband and wife, if the wife be alive, or if dead, leaving minor children, by the deed of the widower, assented to by the judge of probate. Norris v. Moulton, 34 N. H. 394.</p> <p>Can a person involuntarily lose a right of homestead once acquired ? Has the tenant ever acquired an exempted homestead in his own right ? What is the nature of the exempted homestead estate ? All these inquiries seem to be involved in the main question. Let us consider, for a little more, the nature.of this estate.</p> <p>As already suggested, most of the incidents of estates for life are generally considered as attaching to homestead rights. Kerley v. Kerley, 13 Allen 287.</p> <p>Mr. Washburn says that in New Hampshire a homestead right is not an estate; it is inchoate ; not assignable or transferable as something of ascertained value, by the one in whom it vests, until the same shall have been separated and set apart from the general estate out of which it issues. 1 Washb. Real Prop. 350. And some of our earlier decisions upon this subject would seem to warrant the foregoing general proposition. Atkinson v. Atkinson, 37 N. H. 434; Gunnison v. Twitchel, 38 N. H. 67; Horn v. Tufts, 39 N. H. 485; Foss v. Strachn, 42 N. H. 42.</p> <p>But in Tucker v. Keniston, before cited, and which is the latest of all our decisions under the homestead act, it is said, with reference to the third section, — “ a homestead is to be set off, such as the debtor may select, not exceeding $500 in value; that is, the whole property shall not exceed that sum; not a contingent life interest merely, but the entire estate; and against that there shall be no further proceedings. Indeed, in respect to the debtor himself, he is ordinarily the owner of the entire estate, and not of a mere life interest, and so it must have been understood by the makers of the law ; and had they intended to exempt from levy and sale only a contingent life interest, while the debtor must be supposed ordinarily to have a fee simple, it is difficult to conceive that such terms could have been used.</p> <p>And if we examine the previous decisions we shall find that the terms “ inchoate” or “ contingent ” estate or interest have reference to the expectant estate of the widow or minor children, after the death of the husband and father, rather than to the estate existing prior thereto. In California, as we have seen, the head of the family is designated in the law as the owner of the homestead estate. Const, of Cal., art. 11, sec. 15; Cal. Comp. Stat. 850.</p> <p>Indeed, that can hardly be called a contingent or inchoate estate of the head of the family, which may be carved out of the larger estate and set apart for the general owner at any time during his own life, if not upon application to the officer levying an execution upon the general estate, then by subsequent proceedings for partition, or in some other mode. It seems to be in no proper sense inchoate as to the debtor, nor contingent, except as he may lose it by voluntary sale or abandonment.</p> <p>Our statute vests the homestead in the bead of the family. Others may have inchoate and contingent rights it it, but it is his homestead in his own present right, as general owner, and not as a trustee merely. “ By its express terms the act exempts the homestead, which it sets up in the lifetime of the owner for his benefit, from the operation of the laws for the compulsory payment of his debts; restrains him, in favor of his wife, from the voluntary alienation of it without her consent, and in favor of his children, if she be dead, without the consent of the judge of probate acting for them.” Norris v. Moulton, 34 N. H. 395.</p> <p>The debtor is “ at full liberty to sell, exchange, or mortgage his homestead, subject only to the claims of his wife and minor children. Tucker v. Keniston, before cited.</p> <p>During the life of the husband and father, neither his wife, nor minor children claiming under him, are entitled to a family homestead against the covenants of his deed, even when after his death they might be thus entitled. Strachn v. Foss, 42 N. H. 47.</p> <p>Said Bellows, J., in Fogg v. Fogg, before cited, — “ The general object of the law is like other laws exempting property from attachment and execution, with further provisions in favor of the wife and children of the debtor, by the force of whicli they may, under certain circumstances, acquire an interest in the homestead. As to the wife and children, their interest is justly regarded as inchoate, but as respects the debtor himself, in whom the estate is already vested, the law was designed to exempt the homestead altogether from attachment and execution."</p> <p>"Iii respect to the husband, the entire estate is vested in him." Tucker v. Keniston, before cited.</p> <p>If, then, the tenant had a vested interest in the homestead, exempt from attachment or levy during the life of his wife and the minority of his children, has he lost it?</p> <p>This precise question has been deliberately considered and deter-miiied in but three States of the Union,-namely, in Massachusetts, Texas, and California. In the latter jurisdiction, the case of Revalic v. Kraemer came up for adjudication in 1857. 8 Cal. 66. The plaintiff was married in 1854, and he and his wife resided upon the premises in controversy from that time until her death in 1856. The main question was, whether the husband still retained a homestead in the premises; or, as the court expressed it, "whether the privilege of the homestead ceases when the party ceases to be the head of the family, Whereupon BURNETT, J,, proceeds as follows:</p> <p>~" The leading id~a upon which the constitution and statute are both predicated is the protection of the family. To carry out this intent, the homestead of the head of the family is protected from forced sale. Any individual of either sex may be the head of a family. It is not necessary that the head of a family should be a married person.</p> <p>But unless the person is the head of the family, the right of homestead cannot exist. And cannot the same person at one time be the head of a family, and not at another?</p> <p>And if the p~ivilege is incident to a certain state, and that state it~ self ceases, why should not the incident fall with it? As the primary object of the law was the protection of the family, when the family ceases to exist the reason for the privilege is gone, and why should not the privilege itself also cease ? As the end contemplated by the law can no longer be attained, why should the means be preserved when they are no more wanted? As the law will not allow an individual the right of homestead before he becomes the head of a family, why should it allow him this right after he ceases to be such? The very reason why the law will not allow it in the one case, is equally applical)1e in the other. When an individual has not been, or has ceased to be the head of a family, the law cannot anticipate that he will thereafter become such iii either case. When he does in fact be-. come the head of a family, then the law protects him for their benefit. He is the representative of the family. But when there is no family to protect, will the law defeat the just claims of creditors for the purpose of accomplishing no beueücial end? It is true, the party once had a family, and he also once had protection for that family; but since the family has ceased to exist, the protection is not needed. The law intended to protect individuals while bearing certain relations towards each other. "When that relation ceases, the cause of the protection is gone. The reason ceasing, the rule ceases. The privilege and responsibility must go together. One is rightfully dependent upon the other. When the individual has no longer the cares of a family, the law should not still protect him as if he had ; he should only be protected as others are who are at present in the same state. The law does not look to his past or future, but to his present condition.” To the same effect is a dictum in Green v. Marks, 25 Ill. 221. But in Massachusetts a very different doctrine is enunciated. The exemption there is to “ every householder having a family.” Gen. Stats., ch. 104, sec. 1.</p> <p>In Doyle v. Coburn, 6 Allen 71, it was held that “ an estate of homestead is not defeated by the removal of the wife and children of the householder from the premises, or by her obtaining a divorce from bed and board; and a decree giving to her the custody of the children, if he continues to reside thereon; nor can she by her own separate act deprive him of such estate.”</p> <p>And Dewey, J., delivering the opinion of the court,remarks, — “Nor did the separation of the husband and wife, as shown by her withdrawal in 1861, taking with her the child, defeat the homestead estate. The defendant has personally occupied the same as his place of residence up to the present time. He acquired his homestead as ‘ a householder having a family.’ It is not necessarily lost by the death or absence of his wife and children. Others may be adopted as members of his household, and his homestead retain its existence. * * The homestead exemption is for the benefit of the husband as well as the wife.”</p> <p>In Silloway v. Brown, 12 Allen 30, GRAY, J., says, — “ The homestead right of a householder in land owned by him is an estate for his life, and for the additional term of the continuous subsequent occupation of his widow or any of his minor children. It is secured to him by law for the common benefit of his wife and children, as well as himself. * * Although a homestead cannot be acquired except by a householder having a family, yet, when once acquired and still occupied by him, it has been held not to be defeated or lost by the death or absence of his wife and children. Any other construction would render a husband, who had been deprived of his family by accident or disease, or by their desertion, without any fault of his, liable to be instantly turned out of his homestead by his creditors.</p> <p>“As this defendant, at the time of the passage of the statute of 1855, ch. 238, lived upon these premises as his homestead with his wife and son, he acquired, under that statute, a homestead estate therein to the extent of eight hundred dollars in value, which was not affected by the subsequent death of his wife and the coming of age and departure of his son, so long as the father continued to occupy the premises as his house.”</p> <p>The statute of Texas, like ours, exempts “ the homestead of the head of each family.” The supreme court of Texas has decided that “ the death of the wife while it was the husband’s homestead, and his having no children, did not destroy its distinctive character of a homestead : he continued to reside there with his slaves, hirelings, and niece, and her husband, Mr. McAllister. If he had been without servants, or any one with him after the death of his wife, it would have been his homestead so long as it continued to be his residence.” Hemphill, C. J., in Wood v. Wheeler, 7 Texas 13; Taylor v. Boulware, 17 Texas 77.</p> <p>The laws of Massachusetts, Texas, and California are analogous with our own in respect to the person entitled to the right of exemption, and these decisions are pertinent to the question now under discussion.</p> <p>• The law of Yermont exempts “ the homestead of every housekeeper or head of a family, occupied by such person as a homestead.” It also provides that “ such homestead shall not be alienated or mortgaged by the owner thereof, if a married man, except by the joint deed of the husband and wife. Comp. Stats. 890, 391.</p> <p>In Davis v. Andrews, 30 Vt. 681, it is said, — “ This right of homestead exists by the statute in the lifetime of the husband, to be sure, and cannot be taken by the creditors of the husband ; but, during the life of the husband, it is the husband’s right of homestead and not the right of the wife and children. The wife’s right of homestead has very properly been likened to the wife’s right of dower at common law.” And in Howe v. Adams, 28 Vt. 544, Redfield, J., remarks, — “ The homestead law does not vest any title in the wife of the householder, as to the. homestead. It is much like a right of dower at common law, which the wife could only bar by joining in the conveyance in a prescribed form. * * It is a sort of lien or mortgage upon the estate of the husband in favor of the wife.”.</p> <p>In Minnesota, where the exemption is to the owner and occupant of the premises, as a residence, it is essential to its being exempted that it should be occupied by the debtor, or his widow or minor children. Folsom v. Oarli, before cited; Kelly v. Baker, 10 Minn. 154.</p> <p>The first exposition of the homestead law of New Hampshire is contained in the opinion of the court, Sawyee, J., in Norris v. Moidton, 34 N. H. 392, wherein it is declared that it is obvious that the homestead contemplated by the act is not only to be exempted from attachment and levy or sale on execution against the owner in his lifetime, and for the benefit not merely of himself, but of his wife, if living, and of his minor children.” The law “ exempts the homestead which it sets up in the lifetime of the owner for his benefit,” &c. “ The homestead exemption exists during the life of the husband, equally whether lié be a debtor in execution or not.”</p> <p>• In Fletcher v. The State Capital Bank, before cited, it is said that “ it is too clear to admit of doubt that the policy and aim of the act were not intended to be of this narrow and restricted character. [That is, restricted to the estate of a debtor about to be levied upon.] It has a more liberal and consistent purpose, in securing to all alike the benefits of the homestead which it creates as a right in the head of every family during his life, and in bis wife and minor children at his decease, whether he may or may not have been a judgment debtor. * * It establishes the right in the head of each family, for the benefit of himself daring life, and his wife and minor children at his decease.</p> <p>In Austin v. Stanley, 46 N. H. 52, Doe, J., says, — “The statute was specially intended to secure to debtors and their families the shelter of the homestead roof.”</p> <p>In Philleo v. Smalley, 23 Tex. 498, a homestead is declared to be “ a place where a man eats and sleeps, and surrounds himself with the insignia of a home” — a definition approved by Bellows, J., in Tucker v. Keniston, 47 N. H. 270, in which case it is held that the law exempts the homestead, and not any contingent, reversionary, or other particular interest in the home farm or place.</p> <p>“ Conditions subsequent, when relied on to work a forfeiture of the estate, must be created by express terms or clear implication, and are construed strictly ” — 2 Washb. Real. Prop. (3d ed.) 6 ; or, as expressed by Nesmith, J., in Locke v. Rowell, 47 N. H. 49, “ liberally in favor of the holder of the estate.” See Emerson v. Simpson, 43 N. H. 475.</p> <p>In accordance with this principle of construction.it was held, in Locke v. Rowell, before cited, that it can only be the unequivocal purpose or act of the party entitled to the exemption, which should deprive such party of the estate.</p> <p>Reverting again, for a moment, to our statute of 1851, what principle shall govern the construction of it ?</p> <p>Its object has been declared to be the encouragement of poor debtors. Ccunnison v. Twitchel. It is said to be intended, for the benefit of the husband, as well as his family. Norris v. Moulton; Fletcher v. State Capital Bank. “ The general object of the law is like other laws exempting property from attachment and execution, with further provisions in favor of the wife and children of the debtor, by the force of which they may, under certain circumstances, acquire an interest in the homestead.” Fogg v. Fogg, before cited; Doyle v. Coburn, before cited.</p> <p>Its general policy is to secure to those entitled to its benefits the shelter of a home. 1 Washb. Real Prop. 326. It is a remedial statute. Deere v. Chapman, 25 Ill. 610. “ Such a statute, it is universally held, is to be liberally construed, and that everything is to be done in advancement of the remedy that .can be given consistently with any construction that can be put upon it.” See Judge Potter’s note to Dwarris on Statutes 73, and authorities cited.</p> <p>“Receiving an equitable or rather a benignant interpretation, the letter of the act will be sometimes enlarged, sometimes restrained.” Dwarris on Statutes 231.</p> <p>“ In construing a remedial statute which has for its end the promotion of important and beneficial public objects, a large construction is to be given when it can be done without doing violence to its terms.” Wolcott v. Pond, 19 Conn. 597; Pearson v. Lovejoy, 53 Barb. 407.</p> <p>Again, a remedial statute shall be extended by equity to other persons besides those expressly named. Dwarris pn Statutes 233.</p> <p>Upon all these considerations, we are inclined to the opinion that the tenant has not lost his right of homestead by the death of his wife and the dispersion of his children ; that he is still entitled to the shelter of a home, exempt from the claims of creditors ; that there is nothing in the act (to adopt the language of the tenant’s council) which requires the harsh interpretation that he shall lose his homestead merely because of the death of his wife, which was the act of God, and which the tenant could not prevent.</p> <p>We may conceive the case of a poor debtor, entitled to, acquiring, and enjoying a homestead during all the years of a long and laborious life. His children have grown to man’s estate and have all departed from the paternal roof, it may be to distant lands, where they have established tlieir own homes and surrounded themselves with their own families : it may be that they have all died.</p> <p>At last the wife dies, and the father is left alone in the dwelling which he has always called his home, and which is endeared to him by fondest associations and by sacred memories. Hé is too old and feeble to acquire another. Shall he be turned out of the old homestead because of the inevitable fate which has deprived him of his wife ?</p> <p>Or, we may take the case of the young man who by habits of industry and frugality has acquired just enough property to purchase a shelter for himself and the young wife who is to share it with him. No child is born to them, and in a few weeks, or months it may be, the wife dies, and the young man is no longer, in strict construction, the head of the family. Shall he, too, therefore, be deprived of his homestead, and so, perhaps, of the opportunity of marrying again and adopting other members of his household ?</p> <p>Such a construction is not required by the terms of the act. Such a construction would be strict, exclusive, harsh, unjust, illiberal, and subversive of the “ humane policy of the law.” See Buxton v. Dearborn, before cited, and most evidently not according to the intention of the law-makers.</p> <p>The California case is predicated upon the ground that the homestead exemption is solely “ for the protection of the family; ” the Massachusetts and the Texas cases, upon the ground, assumed in several of our own decisions, that “ the homestead exemption is for the benefit of the husband as well as the wife.” Doyle v. Coburn, Norris v. Moulton, Fletcher v. The State Capital Bank, Fogg v. Fogg, before cited.</p> <p>The counsel for the demandant contends that the language of the third section of the act is inconsistent with this construction ; that wherein it provides for the setting off of the homestead by the officer, upon application of the debtor or his wife, “ if such debtor shall have a family,” these words import that no such estate shall be set off on application, unless such debtor shall have a family.</p> <p>Such is not our interpretation of the law. If the statute, independent of this provision, is to receive the construction for which the demandant contends, — if the debtor can have no right of homestead except he shall have a family. — it would be quite superfluous, not to say absurd, to provide that such homestead shall only be set off on the application of the debtor or his wife, “if such debtor shall have a family.” But if the opposite construction be adopted, the section in question seems to be in full harmony with it, because then the interpretation of the section will be that, upon application of the debtor alone, if he has no family, the homestead may be set off, and if he have such family, it maybe set off upon application of the debtor or his wife.</p> <p>The fourth section of the act also furnishes an argument in favor of our construction. It provides that in case (in a contingency suggested by the terms of the section) the estate of the debtor, including the homestead, shall be sold by the officer levying an execution thereon, five hundred dollars of the proceeds may be deposited in a savings bank to the credit of the debtor and his wife; “ and the same may be withdrawn therefrom only by the joint order of the husband and wife, or by the survivor in case one should decease.”</p> <p>The policy of the act is to preserve a homestead for somebody. If five hundred dollars in money is exempted and retained from the sale of the homestead, it must be for the purpose of enabling the survivor still to have.,a homestead, by giving him the means wherewith to purchase another. The survivor is as likely to be a widower as a widow, and he may be a widower without minor children. The law does not provide that the money shall be paid to the widower, with the consent of the judge of probate, representing or protecting the interests of those children; but the children are entirely ignored, and, children or no children, the money “ may be withdrawn by the survivor.”</p> <p>It being determined, then, that the tenant has not lost his right of homestead exemption by his neglect to make application to the officer levying the execution to have the same set off to him, nor by the death of his wife and the dispersion of his children, the question now arises,— By what remedy or form of procedure may he assert and protect his rights ? “ Can it be,” said Bellows, J., in Fogg v. Fogg, which was a writ of entry, “ by a defence to this suit ? and, if so, by what form of plea ? Can he disclaim, or plead non-tenure as to all but $500 worth of the land ? If so, is the value at the time of the extent or at the filing of the plea to govern ? and in what way is the part disclaimed to be described ? It is clear that it cannot be by metes and bounds, or by any description that will inform a sheriff what to deliver. * * * He cannot, then, by any known rules of pleading, defend this suit, if it be assumed that the extent is valid in whole or in part'.”</p> <p>And we have no hesitation in saying that the tenant can make no defence to this action. “ The right of homestead, before the same has been set out and assigned, is not such an estate in land — such a subsisting legal title or interest — as will bar a writ of entry.” Foss v. Strachn, 42 N. H. 42; Silloway v. Brown, before cited.</p> <p>Is the administration of the law, then, subject to this reproach, — that the defendant, having indisputable equitable rights in the premises, can in no way bé protected in the preservation and enjoyment of them ? We should be sorry to feel compelled to answer this question affirmatively.</p> <p>The practicability of relief by a bill in equity to stay proceedings in the writ of entry is suggested in Fogg v. Fogg, but seriously questioned ; while in Strachn v. Foss, 42 N. H. 44, proceedings in equity are indicated as being appropriate to a condition of things somewhat like the present. And see Atkinson v. Atkinson, 37 N. H. 434, and Horn v. Tufts, 39 N. H. 485, in which cases proceedings by petition for partition, as well as by bill in equity, are suggested. See, also, Tucker v. Keniston, before cited, where it is distinctly decided that where an officer, after application to set out the debtor’s homestead, without setting it out undertakes to dispose of it, a court of equity will interfere by injunction, founded upon a bill quia timet, to remove a title or claim which may operate as a cloud upon the title of the owner.</p> <p>But the court in Massachusetts seem to have found a way of escape from the difficulties which surround us, and which we are inclined to adopt for our own deliverance and for the protection of the acknowledged rights of this tenant.</p> <p>The demandant’s and the tenant’s rights are substantially those of tenants in common, holding by several and distinct titles, but by unity of possession. In Silloway v. Brown, before cited, Grat, J., remarks as follows : “ The defendant, then, occupying the land, and having an estate of homestead therein which had not been set off to him, what was the nature of his interest and of his relation to the purchaser of the residue of the land ?</p> <p>“ The land was of greater value than the law allows to be exempted as a homestead; the title of the land, subject to the right of homestead, had passed out of him; and he, continuing to occupy the premises, held by a distinct title, for his own life at least (though defeasible by alienation according to law, or by acquiring another homestead), an undivided part of the land, to the extent of the value of the homestead estate,— * * * judgment recovered against the householder or his widow upon a writ of entry, either in ordinary form or to foreclose a mortgage, would be subject to his estate of homestead and to the possession incident thereto—citing Castle v. Palmer, 6 Allen 401; Doyle v. Coburn, ibid 71. Upon the levy of an execution by extent upon the land, the amount of the homestead exemption, in the absence of any statute providing otherwise, might be' deducted from the appraised value of the land. Pittsfield Bank v. Howk, 4 Allen 347; Castle v. Palmer, 6 Allen 403. The estate of the judgment creditor would be thus left in common with that of the owner of the homestead, much as in the case of a levy upon the interest of one tenant in common. * * The homestead estate differs, indeed, from ordinary estates held in common, in not being an aliquot part of the land, but measured by value only, which may be constantly fluctuating. See Richards v. Chace, 2 Gray 385. And this court has held that a homestead right cannot be originally acquired in land held by the claimant of the homestead in common with a stranger. Thurston v. Maddocks, 6 Allen 427.</p> <p>“ But wlicn an estate, of homestead lias once been acquired in land, of a greater -value than tlie limit of the homestead exemption, and the surplus has been alienated by levy of execution or sale, according to law, the owner of the homestead and the owner of the residue each have a right of immediate possession and enjoyment of the land, as is clearly shown by the decision already cited, that the owner of the residue may maintain a writ of entry to recover the land subject to the right of homestead, and to the possession incident thereto. Castle v. Palmer, 6 Allen 401. Their rights in this respect are exactly those of tenants in common, according to the elementary definition: ‘ Tenants in common are such as hold by several and distinct titles, but by unity of possession, because none knoweth his own severalty, and therefore they all occupy promiscuously. This tenancy, therefore, happens where there is a unity of possession merely, but perhaps an entire disunion of interest, of title, and of time.’ 2 Bl. Com. 191. The facts that the defendant had an estate for life and the plaintiff an estate in fee, that the defendant held by virtue of the homestead act and the plaintiff by purchase from the defendaut’s assignee in insolvency, and that the defendant acquired his title long before the plaintiff purchased his, do not make them the less tenants in common by reason of their unity of possession.”</p> <p>Two questions of slight importance remain for disposition.</p> <p>It is suggested by the defendant that the execution upon which the extent was made was returnable at the second subsequent term from the date thereof. This was authorized by law — chap. 2083, Laws of 1858; and it is to be presumed,until the contrary is made to appear, that the execution was regularly issued, in conformity with the provisions of the statute.</p> <p>The validity of the extent is also contested on the ground that it appears by the officer’s return that the levy was commenced by the swearing into office of an appraiser on the 11th day of October, 1865, which date was two days before the rendition of judgment on the 13th of October, and five days before the issuing of execution on the 16th of the same month. But it is manifest that the officer has inadvertently made a mistake in his return by substituting the word October for November, since it appears by the certificate of the oath of the appraisers that they were sworn in on the 11th of November, and not on the 11th of October.</p> <p>It is not necessary that the officer should amend his return. The certificate of the administration of the oath to the appraisers is a part of the return, and, taking the whole together, aided by the presumption of law that all acts of an official nature are to be presumed to be rightly and duly performed until the contrary is showm, the extent must be taken to have been properly made, in all matters merely formal. Co. Litt. 6, b ; Broom’s Leg. Max. 729.</p> <p>The conclusion of the whole matter is, that the tenant, under the plea of nul disseizin with the brief statement annexed, may properly maintain and set up his homestead estate as a bar to an absolute recovery of the premises by the demandant.</p> <p>The homestead right, of which he has not been divested, either by lapse of time, by his own. laches, nor by the providence of God, secures to him the enjoyment of the premises to that extent. Of this he is not to be divested by this extent.</p> <p>It is competent for this court to enter such qualified judgment as may be necessary to effectuate the purposes of justice. The effect of such judgment will be to leave each of these parties in the enjoyment of so muda of the estate as belongs to them severally. Under Gen. Stats., ch. 228, sec. 1, the tenant or the demandant may cause partition to be made, and th# homestead estate to be set off. Castle v. Palmer, 6 Allen 404; Doyle v. Coburn, ibid 73.</p> <p>The proper entry of judgment in this case will be in favor of the right of the demandant to maintain the action for the recovery and possession of the demanded premises, subject to a family homestead of the tenant therein to the extent of $500 in value ; to take effect after the termination or separation of the homestead estate. A formal entry to that effect may be made, which, however, is not to interfere with the enjoyment of the homestead estate by the tenant, so long as that estate continues.</p> <p>At the March trial term, 1872, after the foregoing case was decided, said Barney filed his petition for partition against said tenant (Leeds).</p> <p>August 11, 1863, the plaintiff brought a suit against' the defendant and caused the premises to be attached. October 13,1865, the plaintiff obtained judgment, and commenced the levy of his execution on the premises November 11, 1865, and completed the same September 22, 1866, the premises being set off to the plaintiff at the sum of $100, in part satisfaction of his execution, subject to a family homestead. Upon that levy the plaintiff brought a writ of entry against the defendant August 16, 1-870, and at the March trial term, 1872, had judgment for a writ of possession, subject to the defendant’s homestead of $500, according to the opinion and order of the court at the preceding law term, in March, 1872.</p> <p>The court reserved the question whether the value of the homestead is to be determined by the committee in this proceeding, as of the time when partition is made, or as of the time of the completion of the levy, or any other time.</p> <p>We claim that the value of the homestead is to be determined at the time when partition is made.</p> <p>The plaintiff had judgment for a writ of possession, subject to the defendant’s homestead of $500. This was according to the opinion of the court at the law term. The defendant is entitled to that valúe when the homestead is set out. When the original levy was completed, either party could have had the homestead assigned. Silloway v. Brown, 12 Allen 30.</p> <p>If the creditor made no application for partition till the property had so diminished that the debtor’s homestead covered the whole of the premises, he has no one to blame but himself. So, on the other hand, if the property should increase in value it would belong to the creditor. It was his, subject to the defendant’s homestead. The debtor cannot complain, for he gets his homestead of the value of $500 whenever it is assigned to him. If it had been assigned to him and had increased in value, the overplus could any time be taken on execution. Stubblefield v. Graves, 50 111. 103. We fail to see how any other rule could be adopted, that would work justice to all^parties. The statutes give the defendant a homestead of $500 whenever it is assigned to him, and by this rule he gets it, and this is as favorable to the debtor as any other that can be adopted. The plaintiff and the defendant are tenants in common. The defendant has a homestead estate, the plaintiff the remainder. Partition is prayed for, and a committee appointed. Now, should they set out to the defendant a homestead of the value of $500 at the time of partition ? or, a piece of land that several years ago was valued at $500 ? We think the law contemplates no other value than the value at the time partition is made.</p> <p>The opinion of the court was, that the plaintiff should have judgment for a writ of possession subject to the defendant’s homestead of $500. Would it satisfy the law to set off five sixths to the defendant and one sixth to the plaintiff ? The five sixths might now be worth more, or less, than $500, and in that way the defendant might not receive more than three or four hundred dollars in value. Would that answer ? We submit that it would not be in accordance with the decision of the court.</p> <p>It is clear that at the precise hour of the completion of the levy this defendant, by the pointed terms of the statute, had a homestead estate- of the value, at that time, of five hundred dollars. He had “ an estate ” — not a mere right — which he could then exchange for another, mortgage, or otherwise dispose of. Tucker v. Keniston, 47 N. H. 267, 268.</p> <p>It is very clear that at the date of the extent he was entitled to have five sixths of the premises set out to him by partition or bill in equity. Sea Fogg v. Fogg, 40 N..H. 284, 285. The extent fixes “ the value ” of the share of the creditor at that time. Ib. 285.</p> <p>How has the plaintiff’s share shrunk since then from one sixth to nothing, or risen to four ninths of the whole? The plaintiff really proposes to compel this defendant to take, instead thereof, what three men may judge it to be worth six years at least after the levy. God, or his own act, could alone divest the defendant of any part of the estate “ valued ” to him by the plaintiff at the time of the levy.</p> <p>He certainly has “ waived ” no rights. He could waive none without a deed, because such waiver is positively prohibited by statute.</p> <p>Whatever his rights may have been as between him and others, it is clear that as respects this plaintiff, upon the points raised, he has every right which he had at the date of the levy.</p> <p>, The value of five hundred ddllars was vested in him then ; the law did not give him a right then to have an estate set out to him, which might be valued at five hundred dollars in ten years or a century to come, but an estate worth five hundred dollars then ; and he had that right then, whether he or some one else applied to the sheriff to have it set out or not.</p> <p>• The levy was made subject to that right. Had it been made otherwise, the levy would have been a nullity. Whoever takes .an estate subject to the right, interest, or estate of another, takes it cum onere takes it subject to the weight of the burden as it then exists.</p> <p>The levy was the 'execution of a statute power; it fixed one hundred dollars as the “just value” of the plaintiff’s interest at that time, and from necessity fixed the “just valué” of the defendant’s homestead estate at the same time at five hundred dollars, and made the parties tenants in common from that hour.</p> <p>It is evident the plaintiff thought the premises incapable of division. It was impossible, then, to make the levy without fixing the value of the whole premises at that time, and then fixing such value to the share set off to the plaintiff by deducting from the entire value such value of the defendant’s interest then. Without an appraisal of the whole premises, no step could have been taken towards a levy. If the appraised value at that time failed to exceed five hundred dollars, the proceedings practically ended. When the appraisal exceeded five hundred, the statute furnished a rule fixing the proportionate interests of the parties at that time.</p> <p>This proceeding is bottomed on that levy. The plaintiff saw fit to imbed the defendant’s rights in that levy. He is, in every sense, estopped from saying that the defendant is not entitled to what that levy concedes to him — a homestead estate worth five hundred dollars at that time.</p> <p>The plaintiff’s theory seems to us a strange one. It is, in substance, that a plaintiff who makes a levy has an estate, or not, according as the land may rise or fall in value. It is apparent that if the buildings on the premises had been burned down, that the entire valuation would have been much less than five hundred dollars. Suppose the levy was made just as it was and had been perfected, and that the day after the flames had consumed the buildings, that meantime (as was done in the present case) the plaintiff had entered his petition for partition, that his estate of one hundred dollars and all his rights in said premises, had been destroyed, — how could he maintain his petition? If he had no interest he could not maintain it.</p> <p>Has any member of the court ever heard of a plea on the part of a defendant, setting up that at the date of the levy the plaintiff had an interest of one hundred dollars in the premises and was entitled to. partition thereof, but that since said levy the house had burned down or the real estate bad so fallen as to be of the “just value ” of $3 00 and no more, and therefore the plaintiff, having no interest or estate in said premises, is not entitled to partition therein ?</p> <p>If such an anomaly has been seen, has the court ever seen a replication setting out that the facts stated in said plea were true, and that such “just value” was no more than $300 on the day stated, at twenty-three minutes past ten a. m. ; but that thereafterwards, to wit, at twenty minutes past one P. m., a certain railroad corporation had laid out a depot adjacent thereto, or had, by itself, or through some of its understrappers, established a saw and other mills in the vicinity thereof, all which had so raised the “ just value ” of said premises to the sum of $900, whereby the plaintiff had an estate therein of four ninths thereof, and so could bring partition therefor ?</p> <p>It seems to us that the court would be as much amazed at such pleadings as the chief justice was at the thought of certain others, in Fogg v. Fogg, 40 N. H. 289.</p> <p>Some of these positions seem so clear to us, that we have some delicacy in attempting to argue them.</p> <p>The authorities, cited by the counsel for the plaintiff, can have no possible bearing upon the case.</p> <p>The case cited from Illinois is simply this : A sues B, who has a homestead set out to him, which, in progress of time, increases to a marked extent beyond the homestead right as prescribed by law — if the value at the latter date is the test. O, who never had any privity with A, brings a suit against' B, who sets up the right to the homestead as originally set out to him, although it far exceeded, at the time of 'the latter levy, the amount then allowed by statute. The court held that as C was not privy to the first proceedings, he was not estopped by them, and that, as to him, the homestead must be set out de novo. The court, in this case, intimate that if A brought a second suit he might be so estopped.</p> <p>It seems to us that the former opinion in this case (51 N. H. 253) is decisive against the view taken by the plaintiff’s counsel.</p> <p>Foster, J., says, — “The first question presented is, whether,-at the time of the extent of the execution upon the demanded premises, the tenant had any right of homestead therein.” * * * “ Such was the position of this tenant at the date of the levy upon the premises, and as such his homestead was exempt from such levy to the extent of the value of five hundred dollars.” * * * ’ “ More-</p> <p>over, the extent was made ‘ subject to a family homestead,’ and the premises were so set off to the demandant and seizin thereof accepted by him.” “ The demandant then having taken the premises by virtue of the extent upon which he relies, subject to the homestead exemption, is estopped to deny the validity of the tenant’s then existing rights.” “ The appraised value must be understood to be the value of the estate over and above the incumbrance.” '* * * “ This result must be held, however, to have application in the present- case, in which the demanda-’ is claim against the tenant is of greater amount than the probable value of the whole premises, including the homestead — to the condition of things existing at the time of the extent, and not at the date of the commencement of this action.” * * “ lie took the premises subject to an incumbrance then existing.”</p> <p>Words of ours can add nothing to the clearness and force of this statement.</p> <p>The counsel is in error : — The defendant’s right to a hofnestead and to its value are not acquired by and do not depend on his application to have them set out; otherwise a man would have no homestead unless somebody sued him.</p>

<p>If the owner of goods, to prevent them from being attached as his own, represent that they belong to another, and the party to whom the representation is made, relying, and from the circumstances having reason to rely, on the representation as true, attach the goods for a debt due from the party, to whom it was represented that the goods belonged, in trover for attaching the goods, the owner will not be permitted to show that his representation was false, though at the time when he made it he had no notice of the debt on which the goods were attached, and had no intention to deceive the party who attached them.</p>

<p>Where the petition for a highway made a stake and stones in an existing highway one of the termini, and the road laid out struck this highway more than one hundred rods northerly of that terminus, and then over-that highway to that bound, it was held that that was such a departure from the highway prayed for as to render the laying out invalid.</p>

<p>An indorser of the writ of a non-resident is not released by the plaintiff becoming a resident of the State.</p> <p>A return upon a writ of execution of non est inventus, or not satisfied, procured by a defendant in bad faith and with a fraudulent purpose of charging the indorser, is not such a return as the law contemplates in order to fix the indorser.</p> <p>It was held, also, that so long as good faith is observed the defendant is not bound to active diligence in collecting his costs of the original plaintiff.</p> <p>Nor is he bound to take out execution against his body, or necessarily required to deliver it to the oificer, in season to make sale of an equity of redemption in real estate.</p>

INDebitatus Assumpsit, for wood, by Thomas Hammond against Mary C. Corbett. Plea, the general issue. Writ dated June 22,1868. The defendant was a married woman until June 29, 1863, when ber bus-band died in the army, having been absent from home.and in the army after September, 1862. In October, 1862, and February, 1863, the wood was delivered by the plaintiff to the defendant, and was used by her for firewood.

AssuMPSiT, by Lucius Hai’tshorn against Seneca, Lydia* and William Schoff and Clark Knapp, for work and labor and'materials, and for money had and received, and on an account annexed for >1281.66, The specification was for double the cost of building fence alleged to have been assigned to the defendants to build, by the fence-viewers, as their part of the division fence, together with the expense of the fence-viewers. Plea, the general issue. .

<p>The WRIT, by Jeremiah E. Stevens against Charles E. Dennett, was dated December 3, 1870. The declaration contained two counts in case and one in trover. The first count in case alleged, in substance, that the plaintiff was seized and possessed and was entitled, in common with the defendant, to a certain well within the limits of the highway ; that the plaintiff, and the previous holders and occupants of the farm on which the plaintiff now lives, had occupied and used the said well, as appurtenant to said premises, for the purpose of supplying the same with water for upwards of twenty years last past; that the said plaintiff ought to have and hold the same, free and undisturbed, in common with the defendant, but that the defendant prevented the plaintiff from using the well for the purpose of supplying 1ns said premises with water. The second count in case alleged, iu substance, that the plaintiff was possessed and entitled to the use, in common with the defendant, of said well, and ought to have for himself and family, at all times in the year, free use of the same in common with the defendant, but that the defendant, by certain acts, deprived the plaintiff’ of the use of the same in common with the defendant. The count in trover alleged that the plaintiff was possessed of a right, in common with the defendant, of a well-curb, a bucket, fifteen feet of trace chain, a rope, and a well-house, and that the defendant converted the same. Plea, the general issue.</p> <p>It appeared that the well in question was situated in the highway between the travelled part of the highway and the wall of the defendant’s field. The plaintiff, upon cross-examination, admitted that the well was upon the defendant’s farm. The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that he had occupied, ever since March, 1850, a farm adjoining the farm now owned by the defendant; that immediately prior to the plaintiff’s going into possession, his father, John Stevens, owned both farms ; that John Stevens continued to own the farm now occupied by the defendant until April 6, 1852; and that the plaintiff had no paper title to his present farm until he received a deed from the adminis-tratrix of John Stevens’s estate in 1860. Subject in part to the defendant’s exception, the plaintiff testified, in substance, as follows : “ When I went into possession, I bought, of my father, — to pay one half of what he had paid, and he to give me the other half. I was to give him six hundred dollars; and I entered into possession under that arrangement. He never deeded to me. I held under him ten or twelve years. Never paid him any rent. Any payments I made were to go towards the six hundred dollars. I claimed the property as mine during that time, and paid the taxes. I claimed to own the place after I entered on it.” The plaintiff admitted that he had not paid the whole of the agreed price prior to his father’s death. It appeared that the deed received by the plaintiff from the administratrix of John Stevens recited a sale at auction under a license, and contained the following description : All the right, title, and interest said J. Stevens had at the time of his death in and to the farm on which said J. E. Stevens now lives, subject to whatever right and claim the said J. E. Stevens has in and to the same by virtue of the following clause in said J. Stevens’s last will and testament, viz., — “ I give and bequeath unto my eldest son, J. E. Stevens, the sum of seven hundred dollars out of the farm on which the said J. E. S. now lives, or one half of said farm,” being the same deeded to said J. Stevens by Morgan Bissell, by his deed dated May 12,1849.</p> <p>The plaintiff’s testimony tended to show that Morgan Bissell, the former occupant of the plaintiff’s farm, used the water of the well whenever he had occasion, for several years prior to the plaintiff’s occupancy ; and that the plaintiff had done so under a claim of right, from March, 1850, up to the obstruction by the defendant in the summer of 1870. The plaintiff testified that Bissell and he had water brought to their premises from another source through logs; that they used to resort to this well for water whenever they had trouble with the logs; and that the plaintiff’ entirely gave up the use of the logs about 1856.</p> <p>■ The plaintiff offered to show that the well was used for sixty years • as a public watering place (there being a trough there and an open bucket) ; but the evidence was excluded, subject to exception.</p> <p>The court ruled that the plaintiff had not shown title by twenty years’ user, and that he could not recover for interruption of the user by the defendant. To this ruling the plaintiff excepted. The jury found specially, in answer to a question submitted by the court, that John Stevens did not, prior to Aprfl 6, 1852, agree with the plaintiff that the farm should belong to the plaintiff before the plaintiff had paid the price asked by John.</p> <p>The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that the plaintiff, in connection with previous occupants of the farm now owned by the defendant, had erected a well-house and put in a chain and bucket; and that the defendant subsequently converted them. The well was operated by a windlass ; the well-house was constructed, and the chain and bucket annexed, in the usual manner. It appeared that the defendant purchased his farm of Lebbeus Hall, May 2,1868. The defendant, without objection, asked the plaintiff whether he was present when the deed from Hall to the defendant.was made ; and the plaintiff answered that he was not. Thereupon the defendant produced the deed, and proposed to exhibit it to the plaintiff and ask him whether he signed it as a witness. Subject to exception, this was allowed.</p> <p>It appeared that the deed from Hall to Dennett was executed in the presence of the plaintiff, who was one of the attesting witnesses ; and that the plaintiff did not, at that time, disclose to the defendant that he had any claim to the use of the well or to any of the fixtures connected therewith.</p> <p>Upon the question whether the plaintiff knew the contents of this deed at the time of its execution, the evidence was conflicting.</p> <p>The plaintiff claimed that the well-fixtures were not permanent fixtures ; and asked the court to charge that if the bucket, chain, and rope were merely annexed by tying or the like, and could be removed without injury to the permanent fixtures, without damage, and were put there by the plaintiff without an intention of «having them become annexed permanently to the freehold, they remain personal property, and would not pass with the land, although the plaintiff may be estopped from setting up a permanent easement. The court declined so to instruct the jury, but instructed them that, as between Hall and Dennett, the deed would convey the well-fixtures sued for iii the count in trover. The jury were instructed, in substance, that the plaintiff was entitled to recover under the count in trover for any of the articles belonging to him and converted by the defendant, unless he was estopped by what took place at the execution of the deed ; that the plaintiff was estopped if he knew the contents of the deed, and the defendant was ignorant of the plaintiff’s claim to the fixtures, and would not have purchased if he had known of the claim. The plaintiff excepted to the instructions given, and to the refusal to give the instructions asked for.</p> <p>The jury returned a verdict for the defendant, and found specially that the plaintiff’s failure to disclose to the defendant his claim to the fixtures was an act of gross negligence, but not of bad faith.</p> <p>The following question was submitted to the jury: What was the value of any well fixtures put in by the plaintiff, and converted by the defendant to his own use ?</p> <p>Answer — One well-house, §2.50 ; one chain, §1.25; one bucket, 50 cents^; total, §4.25.</p> <p>The plaintiff moved to set aside the verdict by reason of the foregoing exceptions.</p> <p>It was agreed that judgment be rendered for the plaintiff for four dollars and twenty-five cents, if be is entitled thereto upon the foregoing statement.</p> <p>The case was reserved.</p> <p>1. The plaintiff had used the water of the well under a claim of right, from March, 1850, to the time he was obstructed by the defendant in the summer of 1870. This we contend makes out an adverse enjoyment, or the exercise of a privilege or easement, against the defendant, which is good in law and establishes his right. The enjoyment was open. Tickle v. Brown, 4 Ad. & E. 369. It was continued and uninterrupted ; and it was adverse, as stated in the first paragraph in this brief, under a claim of right, which is the meaning of adverse. Sargent v. Ballard, 9 Pick. 251. Powell v. Bagg, 8 Gray 441, is strong for the plaintiff. We say that when the court ruled the plantiff had not shown title by twenty years’ user, and that he could not recover for the interruption by the defendant, it was erroneous, for the reason that the case finds that there was testimony to show that the plaintiff used the well more than twenty years under a claim of right, and that it was not necessary that he should prove any title, for that was for the jury to pass upon. It was of no consequence when the plaintiff bought his farm ; he was in possession, and claiming a right to use water from the well, and did so continually for more than twenty years before the interruption. There was no evidence to show it was by permission, and much to show it was by right, such as joining with the three owners of the defendant’s farm in repairing and fixing the well from time to time.</p> <p>2. We contend the evidence offered to show that the well, &c., had been used as a public watering place was improperly rejected. Such right cannot be defeated by the owner in fee. whether it was gained by prescription or dedication. Taylor v. Public Hall Co., 35 Conn. 430. If it was a public watering place, and the defendant prevented the plaintiff from exercising the right, he is liable in this action. Pineux v. Iloven-den, Gro. Eliz. 664; Go. Lit. 56.</p> <p>The plaintiff had a special damage and grievance, — the loss of the well fixtures by the defendant converting them.</p> <p>3. In regard to the bucket, rope, and chain, we would say that if the plaintiff and defendant each had an interest in them, and the defendant converted them, he would be liable in trover for the plaintiff’s share— Vickery v. Taft, 1 D. Chip. 241; 21 Vt. 204; White v. Brooks, 43 N. H. 402 — unless they were fixtures, and passed by the deed; and whether under the circumstances they were fixtures or not, we submit to the court. *</p> <p>To change a chattel into a fixture requires a positive act on the part of the party making the annexation, and his intention so to do must clearly and fully appear. Hill v. Wentworth, 28 Vt. 428. And there is much doubt whether there was such a physical connection with the realty as to change their character. If they were placed there with the concurrence of the owner in fee, could he disannex them and rightfully convert them to his own use ? Woodbury v. Parshley, 7 N. II. 237; Bridge v. Bragg, 11 N. H. 102. Was it the intention of the parties, at the time of the annexation, that they should be a permanent accessory to the freehold and a parcel of it ?</p> <p>4. On cross-examination, the plaintiff was asked if he was present at the execution of the deed to the defendant, and he said he was not; and the defendant produced the deed, and asked him if he signed it. This ruling we say was wrong — contrary to Queen’s case, 2 Brod. & Bing. 283, and all well considered cases since.</p> <p>5. In regard to the supposed estoppel, we say, that in order to create an estoppel in pais, the declarations or acts must have been accompanied by design to induce the party who sets up the estoppel to act upon it. Andrew v. Lyons, 11 Allen 349, and authorities cited. The fact that ’ the plaintiff witnessed the deed lacks the vital elements of an estoppel. The case finds that even the evidence as to whether the plaintiff knew the contents of the deed was conflicting. There must be a design to mislead. There must be a wilful intent or some bad design ; but the case repels this by expressly finding that there was no bad faith. Plumer. v. Lord, 9 Allen 455, and authorities cited ; 28 Me. 525.</p> <p>The ruling that the plaintiff had not acquired title by twenty years’ user was correct. All the right the plaintiff had was a mere parol license from John Stevens, which was revocable, and was revoked by the sale by John Stevens to the grantor of the defendant. To acquire title, the twenty years’ user must be adverse and uninterrupted, and not by consent; and in case of an easement, by one owning tbe premises to which tire easement is claimed to be appurtenant. 2 Greenleaf’s Evidence, secs. 539, 539 a, and 545.. Wallace v. Fletcher, 30 N. EL 434; Watkins v. Peek, 13 N. H. 370.</p> <p>The plaintiff’s knowledge of tbe conveyance to tbe defendant was material, and his being present when tbe deed was made tended to show his knowledge. For the same purpose it was competent to show that he witnessed the deed. The plaintiff was a witness, and the exhibiting the deed to him was the proper practice. 1 Greenleaf’s Evidence, secs. 463-465.</p> <p>Whether tbe public bad rights in tbe well or not was immaterial, and not declared for. If Bissell had acquired an easement in the well, it became merged when John Stevens became the owner of both farms. 2 Washburn on Real Property 25, 2d ed.; Hophinson v. Pumas, 42 N. H. 296.</p> <p>As between Hall and Dennett, the well fixtures passed to Dennett as permanent fixtures. Wadleigh v. Janvrin, 41 N. II. 503.</p> <p>The ruling on the question of estoppel was correct. The plaintiff, by his conduct and gross negligence, induced the defendant to purchase when he otherwise would not have done so, and the plaintiff is estopped. Odlin v. G-ove, 41 N. H. 465; Watkins v. Peck, 13 N. H. 373; Heath v. Perry Bank, 44 N. H. 178 ; Pavis v. Handy, 37 N. H. 65 ; Simons v. Steele, 36 N. H. 73.</p>

<p>The plea of discharge in bankruptcy should conclude with a verification and not to the country, as under the English statute.</p> <p>As the law stood on March 15, 1867, in respect to assignments for the benefit of creditors, the schedule of creditors’ names required to be filed should state also their residences, or the omission would be a defect in substance; but an allegation in a plea that the schedule “ was filed in the probate office ” is sufficient.</p> <p>The United States bankrupt act of March 2,1867, did not go into operation so as to suspend State insolvent laws until the first day of the following June, and therefore proceedings commenced under the State law on March 15, 1867, are not affected by the general bankrupt law.</p>

<p>When the breach of an administration bond is found, judgment will be for the whole penalty, and that will stand as security for all interested, whether their names are indorsed on the writ or not, or whether their claims were liquidated or not, when such judgment was rendered.</p> <p>The probate court alone has original jurisdiction of the settlement of administration accounts, and a mistake in its decree can be corrected by this court, for the purpose of fixing the amount for which execution shall be ■ awarded, only upon appeal.</p> <p>Where judgment is ordered for the penalty, th'e court ^.has power to suspend further proceedings until the administration account has been settled in the probate court.</p> <p>If a manifest mistake has been made in the settlement of such account, it is competent for the probate court in a subsequent account to correct it, unless it appears that the particular matter has already been adjudicated.</p> <p>The statute provisions, that actions shall not be commenced against administrators within one year after grant of administration, and requiring demands to be exhibited and suits brought within a time limited, do not apply to demands against administrators, which arise after the grant of administration, and result from a breach of duty on their part.</p>

Assumpsit, by Joshua T. Rich against the town of Errol, to recover the amount due upon the following note : “ Errol, N. H., May 15,1865. “ For value received, the town of Errol promises to pay Hiram F. West, or bearer, five hundred dollars, in three years from date, with interest annually. “ Signed ~W. W. Bragg, \ Selectmen of Errol, John D. Palmer, j for the town of Errol.” Said note was given for a loan of money made by the payee.

<p>The purchaser of liquor sold in violation of the statute is not guilty of a criminal offence, and cannot be excused from testifying as to the purchase.</p>

<p>Petition, by Moses Brown (filed October 16, 1871), for a writ of certiorari to remove the record of tfie laying out of a highway by the selectmen of Bow, for the accommodation of individuals, in December, 1868 ; and praying that the laying out may be adjudged void. The petition alleged that the selectmen ordered, as a part of the laying out, that “ the highway is to be made by the petitioners, and to remain a highway so long as said petitioners shall keep the same in repair, and no longer.” The answer alleged that the selectmen, after a full hearing, came to the conclusion that there was occasion for a new highway, and laid out the same by courses and distances, subject to the maintenance of gates or bars, to be erected and maintained by the petitioners; that when they came to said conclusion, and laid out said highway, the idea that it was “ to be made by the petitioners, and to remain a highway so long as said petitioners should keep it in repair, and no longer,” had not been suggested or occurred to them, but that they laid out the same because in their judgment the public good required it, intending at the time that it should be made, maintained, and continued a highway as the law provided ; that they assessed Moses Brown’s damages upon the basis that the highway was to continue such to the end of time if the public good so required, and in so doing were not influenced by any consideration that it was to remain a highway only so long as the petitioners should keep it ,in repair ; that, when they came to make a return of said laying out, they consulted a book known as “ The Town Officer ” to find a form to guide them in making it, and followed the form there given, supposing it to be in accordance with the law, and therefore inserted in their return the clause objected to by the petitioner ; that said clause does not express the judgment of said selectmen, as to the laying out of said highway, truthfully, and its-introduction into their said return was a mistake of form and not of substance.</p> <p>The petitionees moved that the return of the laying out might be amended by striking out the clause objected to by the petitioner. The petitioner contended that the answer was insufficient.</p>

This is an appeal by John Holt, guardian of Daniel Blanchard, Jr., an insane person, from the decree of the judge of probate for said county of Merrimack, allowing and approving the will of Daniel Blanchard, deceased, father of the said Daniel, Jr. At the October term, 1870, issues from the law term were filed. Since the last term, the said Daniel, Jr., has deceased, and at this term the appellee moves to dismiss the said action.

Petition for a highway. At the April term, 1868, the petition was referred, in Rockingham county? to a joint board of commissioners for the counties of Rockingham and Merrimack, who bad a bearing , and made a report, which they made returnable to the court at Rockingham county, October term, 1868, and to the court in Merrimack county, October term, 1868. It did not appear that the petition was ever entered in Merrimack county.

On the fourth day of April, 1868, D. Warren Cogswell, of Henniker, in said county, filed a libel in the office of the clerk of the supreme judicial court for said county; and thereupon a warrant was issued, directed to the sheriff of any county in this State, or his deputy, reciting said libel, and requiring him to seize and take into his custody the property named in said libel, and safely detain the same until legally disposed of.

Petition by Simeon Earnum for a writ of certiorari. The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion of the court. cited and commented on Merrill v. Sherburne, 1 N. H. 213 ; Towle v. Eastern Railroad, 18 N. H. 547 ; Woart v. Winnick, 3 N. H. 481; Roby v. West, 4 N. H. 287; Bristol v. New Chester, 3 N. H. 534; Bow v. Norris, 4 N. H. 16 ; Claris v. Claris, 10 N. H. 386; Crilman v. Cutis, 23 N. H. 382 ; Willard v. Harvey, 24 N. H. 344; Adams v. Haclcett, 27 N. H. 294; Lalceman v.…

IN equity. The bill, by William Robinson against Eben T. Wheeler, administrator de bonis non, of Myron W. Wood, alleged that the plaintiff, on the nineteenth of November, 1860, upon the positive assurance of the intestate that a certain stallion was sure to get mares with foal, purchased of the intestate one half of said stallion for two hundred dollars, giving liis note for that sum ; and that he also formed a partnership with the intestate in the business of keeping and…

This was k motion by Melinda Adams to set aside a decree of divorce granted in this county (Hillsborough), December term, 1864.

This is a bill for .the specific performance of a contract to convey real estate in Nashua. The facts appear in the opinion.

<p>ASSUMPSIT, by Joseph C. Bixby against Moor & Gage, to recover pay for services rendered by the plaintiff for the defendants fronf October 1, 1861, to December 20, 1863. The following facts were agreed :</p> <p>The defendants kept a billiard saloon, and bar for the sale of intoxicating liquor, in Lowell, Mass. The billiard saloon was licensed by the city authorities of Lowell, but the sale of liquor was illegal. The plaintiff was employed by the defendants to work generally in and about the saloon, but there was no special agreement that he should or should not sell liquor, or as to what particular duty he should do; but he was accustomed to work generally in and about the saloon, taking care of the room, building the fires, taking care of the billiard tables, tending at the bar, and waiting upon customers. He was accustomed to open the saloon in the morning, waiting upon the customers, and in the absence of the defendants had the whole charge of the business. The plaintiff, at the time he entered into the service of the defendants, knew what business was carried on there. The defendants contended, upon the foregoing facts, that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. It was agfeed that judgment should be ordered according to the opinion of the court upon the foregoing facts, reserving to either party the right to á trial by jury.</p> <p>I. Upon the facts stated, the court cannot find that there was a contract for the services of the plaintiff in an illegal employment, in whole or in part. The jury would not be warranted in so finding.</p> <p>II. But if such contract should be found, this is not the case of an entire contract for the plaintiff’s services at a stipulated price. The agreement is merely that implied in law — that the defendants should pay what the services were reasonably worth. If the services had been wholly rendered in a legal employment, the price to be paid could only be ascertained by the verdict of a jury upon a quantum meruit. There is nothing in the agreement “mingling and binding together” the legal and illegal so that they cannot be separated. Bell, C. J., in Crowell v. Hophinton, 45 N. H. 18. The mode by which the whole price must be determined, in case the entire contract was for a legal service, — to wit, by the verdict of a jury, — is here to be applied to determine what part of the services was rendered in the legal employment. The inquiry before the jury in this case would be, How much ought the plaintiff to recover for his services when lawfully employed ? there being no agreement between the parties as to the price per day, or otherwise, “ to mingle and bind’together ” the legal and illegal services. Walker v. Lovell, 28 N. H. 138; Carleton v. Woods, 28 N. 1L 290.</p>

Assumpsit, by Jonathan S. Gleason against Charles Emerson and Mary Emerson, upon a promissory note, of which the following is a copy: “ Hillsborough, Sept. 30th, 1865. “ Bor value received, I promise to pay Jonathan S. Gleason, or order, one hundred dollars in two years from date, with interest annually, on condition that said Jonathan shall procure a release of his wife’s right of dower in certain mill property this day purchased of him by Mary Emerson. Mart Emerson.

Foreign Attachment, by Fred Conway against Erastus Cutting and the city of Manchester, trustee. By the deposition of the treasurer of the city, it appeared that, at the time of the service of the plaintiff’s writ on the city, the city was owing the defendant 148.00 for work. Arthur M. Eastman appeared as claimant of that sum.

The writ was brought by Joseph Garland against Wm. Harrington, defendant, and the Concord Railroad Company, trustee, and dated Nov. 29, 1870, and served on the trustee Nov. 30, 1870. John Morrissey and John Morrissey & Co. appeared as claimants of the fund in the hands of the trustee. Jail. 16, 1871, the trustee made a disclosure as follows: “ We are owing the defendant for work done in October, 1870, $30.20 ; and for work done in November, 1870, $42.80.

Action, by John B. Clarke against Samuel C. Merrill, under the landlord and tenant 'act, to recover possession of a lot of land in Manchester. The writ, returnable to the police court of Manchester, was dated November 1, 1870.

Assumpsit, by Hervey D. Melendy and Charles P. Melendy against James S. Person, to recover a balance alleged to be due the plaintiffs by the terms of an agreement of dissolution of the firm of Melendy & Person. It was admitted that the partnership was formed in February, 1867. The partnership property consisted in great part of timber, land, and a saw-mill on Chambers island, in Green bay, Wisconsin, and the lumber manufactured by the firm was sold in Racine and Chicago.

This is an appeal from the police court of Manchester by Ira P. Fellows against Jeremiah S. Moulton. At the January trial term of this court said appeal was tried by the jury, and a verdict was rendered for the appellee. Judgment was rendered on the verdict. The appellant then moved that the action be brought forward for a review under the statute ; to which the appellee objects.

IN Chancery. The bill alleges that on the 30th day of July, 1870, a petition signed by the defendants and others was presented to the selectmen and school committee of Sanborntoh, praying that they would constitute a new school district in said Saubornton from territory embraced within the limits of two existing districts in that town; and, after setting out various other matters, proceeds to charge that, at the hearing upon this petition, August 9, 1870, before the joint…

The Baptist Church of Christ in Londonderry and the Baptist Religious Society in Londonderry, petitioners, filed at this term of the court their joint petition, setting forth that William Plummer, late of said Londonderry, .deceased, devised to them certain real estate in said Londonderry, “ to have and'to hold the same to said church and society and their successors forever, to be used as a parsonage, or the income thereof to be strictly devoted to sustain the faithful…

In Equity. The bill alleges that in 1858 the plaintiff, Josiah Sanborn, was married to Sally Sanborn, with whom he lived until March, 1867, when she died, leaving about eight thousand dollars in personal property, which was at the time of her death and always before her death had been subject to the right of the plaintiff to take and reduce the same to his possession and control, as his own property, a large portion of which, to wit, the sum of five thousand dollars, accrued…

Assumpsit, by James L,' Boothby and another against Sidney Cf. Plaisted, for goods sold and delivered. The specification was a claim of |361 for spirituous liquors, and 75 cents for cartage of the sárne. The latter item was waived at the trial. The plaintiffs were wholesale liquor dealers in New York, and the defendant was a retail dealer in the same article in Portsmouth.

IN Equity. The bill by Benjamin Mathes, Jr., against John W. Smart and John Perkins, executors, sets forth that Martha Cheswell made and executed her last will on July 2, 1863, whereby she appointed the defendants executors thereof. The testatrix having died, the will was duly proved and allowed, and the defendants accepted their trust.

<p>The plaintiff sold to A and B his stock of goods, consisting in part of spirituous liquors, and took the note of A for the price. A afterwards sold his interest in the stock to B, and the plaintiff thereupon gave up A’s note and took the note of B for the amount. This note was after-wards surrendered, and the note in suit, signed by B, with a surety, taken in its place. JR.eld, that the surrender of A’s note furnished no sufficient consideration for the note of B; and that the note sued must fail for want of consideration; also, that the plaintiff could not apply money paid generally upon the notes to extinguish that part resting upon an illegal consideration so as to leave the balance good.</p>

INDICTMENT against Charles H. Caverly, found at the February term, 1871, under General Statutes, chapter 256, section 4, for fornication alleged to have been committed with one Abby A. Caverly, July 6,1869. Plea, not guilty, Verdict, guilty ; judgment on the verdict, and sentence.

Petition, by Arabella S. Wood against Catharine M. Lord, for homestead.

Petition, by Cocheco Manufacturing Company against the town of Strafford, to abate taxes, alleging that the petitioners own certain cotton mills and printery on the Coch.echo river in Dover; that Bow pond is the source of one of the tributaries of that river, and is some twenty miles above their said mills; that the natural area of this pond is about 740 acres; that since 1825 the petitioners have used said pond as a reservoir for' their mills at Dover; that by excavations…

Trespass, qu. cl., by Emily A. Blaisdell against Portsmouth, Great Falls & Conway Railroad, for building a railroad across the plaintiff’s close, April 6, 1865, and using the same to the date of the writ. There were various pleas and replications. The fifth plea was of a license given by one James Brackett, “ from, by, through, and under whom the plaintiff derives all her estate,” &c. To this the plaintiff pleaded a new assignment.

• Assumpsit, by Emily Cross against James Brown, upon a note for $100, dated December 13, 1865, signed by the defendant, payable to Abby H. Folsom on demand, with interest, and indorsed by said Abby to the plaintiff. The writ was dated'October 18,1869, and was served on the defendant December 13, 1869. The plaintiff is the wife of Richard Cross.. The note was indorsed to her January 31, 1867. On the same day said Abby executed a deed of her real estate to the plaintiff.

Trover, by Cheshire Railroad Co. against Francis Foster, for sixty-sis hides. Writ dated September 11, 1868. it appeared that, in the latter part of December, 1867, a lot of sixty-six hides, forwarded from Burlington, Yt., were received at the Keene station, consigned to Geo. B. Rawson.

Debt, by March Chase against Alphonso M. Jefts, on an award of arbitrators, alleging that the plaintiff and the defendant put themselves on the award of Oliver Martin, Charles E. Cooke, and John W. Hayward, concerning tbe cutting of wood and timber by tbe defendant and tbe plaintiff, and that said arbitrators made an award in the premises, November 1, 1869, and awarded that the defendant should pay the plaintiff the sum of twenty-four dollars.

Weit op entry, by Clark G. Batchelder against John Keniston, to recover a parcel of land recently formed by alluvial deposit in the bed and on the margin of the Pemigewasset river in Plymouth. The land lies and has been formed in a bend of the river, as it formerly ran, where it turned from a westerly to a southerly course, making very nearly a right angle.

Assumpsit, by Abner C. True, administrator of the estate of Martha B. Powle, against George W. Shepard. Writ dated March 20, 1869. The plaintiff claimed to recover on the defendant’s note for $200, dated January 2,1848, payable to Martha B. Powle, or order, on demand, with interest annually. Plea, the general issue. Tried by the court.

Actions on the case, against the Boston, Concord, & Montreal railroad, — one brought by Ezra B. Eaton, the other by Milo Aiken, to recover damages done during the freshet of October, 1869,- to their respective farms in Wentworth, and alleged to have been occasioned by the construction of the defendants’ railroad.

In Equity. The bill, by Samuel Craft against Noble Thompson, alleges, in substance, that prior to the fourteenth day of April, 1870, to wit, on the first day of May, A. D. 1867, the said Samuel Craft and said Noble Thompson entered into an arrangement for the purchase and sale of cattle and horses for their mutual benefit and profit and on their joint account; that, in pursuance of said arrangement, they did, respectively, make various purchases and sales of cattle and…

<p>A plea of usury under the Revised Statutes need not conclude in bar when it shows that three times the amount of illegal interest paid, or secured in the instrument, is equal to or exceeds the whole amo.unt due, though such is the usual form.</p> <p>The right to have a deduction of three times the illegal interest paid or secured deducted in rendering judgment on the instrument whereby it was secured, or for the debt on which it has been paid, having accrued before the passage of the General Statutes, changing the usury law, it was held that such right was saved to the defendant by section 5 of chapter 273 of the General Statutes.</p>

Assumpsit, by Curtis C. Bowman against A. L. & W. G. Brown & Co. The two Browns and Nelson Gile are sued as defendants, and are all described in the writ as residing in Grafton county, and as being partners in business under the style and firm of A. L. & W. G. Brown & Co. The return of the officer upon the writ shows that the process was served upon Nelson Gile and W. G. Brown, but that no service was made upon A. L. Brown, whose residence, it is agreed, was then and still…

Assumpsit, by Jason H. Woodward against Moses Roberts, on a promissory note of the defendant, dated January 11, 1870, for $66.05, payable to Moses Woodward or order, with interest annually, in thirty days, and by him indorsed. The writ was dated October 3,1870, and returnable November term, 1870.

A disagreement between a claimant and the county commissioners, relative to a claim of the town of Northumberland against the county, is laid before the court for decision under the provisions of chapter 24, section 10, of the General Statutes. “At a legal town meeting, duly notified, and field in Northumber-land on the 8th day of March, 1870, the following votes were passed : “ Voted, To appoint an agent for the suppression of the sale of intoxicating liquors sold'contrary…

Petition for partition, by James Morgan, as guardian of James M. Perry. The following facts were agreed : The premises described in the petition are part of the estate of William Perry, late of Hopkinton, deceased, intestate. James M. Perry, the ward of the petitioner, is a son of William P. Perry, who died September 1,1862, at about the age of forty-five years.

Indictment, against George H. Adams and Charles G. Adams, for being “ common sellers of spirituous liquors.” The State offered evidence that the respondents were common sellers of ale, porter, and cider; and that these liquors contained from four to ten per cent, of alcohol, which could be separated from them merely by distillation.

Tebspass, qu. cl., by John C. Smith against Joseph Smith. Questions raised in this case were decided at the December law term, 1870, Judge Ladd deli ‘ ' the opinion. The reserved case then decided, and all papers referreu to therein, may be referred to as part of this case.

TROVER, by Jonathan P. Sanborn against Rachel Buswell, for sundry articles of personal property attached by the plaintiff, as a deputy sheriff, on a writ in favor of one B. M. Prescott against Lewis D. Bus-well, and for which property the defendant gave the plaintiff a receipt in common form.

Replevin, by Farley, Amsden & Co. against John G. Lincoln, to recover certain goods and merchandise in the possession of the defendant. The plaintiffs, who are wholesale merchants in Boston, claim that the goods in question were fraudulently purchased from them by one A. 13.

Indictment, charging that the defendant Andrews, on November 4, 1871, at Manchester, &c., “ being an attorney at law, in the settlement and discharge of a certain civil action by him commenced and carried on in behalf of John O. Nichols, plaintiff, against Dennis E. Kearns, defendant, and the Stark Mills, trustee, dated on the thirty-first day of October last, and returnable to the police court of the city of Manchester aforesaid on the first Wednesday of December last, did…

Assumpsit, by Arnold & Co. against Michael Prout, to recover pay for ale to the amount of $782, and casks, barrels, and hogsheads, §166.50, sold and delivered by the plaintiffs to the defendant. The plaintiffs were brewers of ale at Ogdensburg, N. Y., and the defendant was a dealer in the article at Manchester, N. H. In the fall of 1865, the defendant was at the plaintiffs’ brewery in Ogdensburg, and there was talk about ale, but none was then ordered.

Case, under the statutes, by Joseph B. Pierce against the Concord Railroad Corporation, to recover for certain property destroyed by fire from a locomotive of the defendants.

Assumpsit, by Geo. W. Clark against Manchester, upon the common counts, and a quantum meruit for work and labor. The plaintiff’s claim was to recover for services as a laborer on the city farm, from April 13,1870, to October 23 of the same year, by the employment of Joseph Cross, the defendants’ agent.

<p>TROVER, bv Geo. W. Town against Horace Hazen, for twenty cords of wood. March 29, 1869, Thomas R. Butterfield conveyed to the defendant a lot of land in Goffstown, reserving all the wood and timber standing or down thereon, with one year to remove the same. In February, 1870, Butterfield sold to the plaintiffs, for $8, the wood still remaining on said lot, which was then severed from the land, and consisted mostly of the tops of pine and chestnut trees. By reason of unfavorable weather the plaintiffs were unable to remove this wood before March 29, 1870; and after that time the defendant refused to allow them to enter upon his land to remove it, and afterwards hauled it off from this lot, and piled part of it by the side of the highway on his own land, and part of it in his pasture.</p> <p>In order that the plaintiffs’ damages might be assessed by the jury, the court, upon these facts, overruled the defendánt’s motion for a non-suit, and ordered a verdict for the plaintiffs, which the defendant moved to set aside.</p> <p>The case was reserved.</p> <p>cited and commented upon Edgerly v. Emerson, 28 N. H. 555 ; Howard v. Farr, 18 N. H. 457 ; Esty v. Graham, 46 N. H. 169 ; Odióme v. Colley, 2 N. H. 66; Plumer v. Prescott, 43 N. H. 279 ; Dame v. Fame, 38 N. H. 431-433 ; 2 N. IT. 142.</p> <p>cited and commented upon Plumer v. Prescott, 43 N. H. 279 ; Kingsley v. Holbrook, 45 N. H. 322, 323 ; Gudworth v. Scott, 41 N. H. 462 ; Morrison’s Digest 187, sec. 370 ; ibid 617, sec. 11, and cases cited; Saunder’s PI. & Ev., vol. 2,1158 ; Baldwin v. Cole, 6 Mod. 212 ; Fame v. Fame, 38 N. H. 431; Greenl. on Ev., sec. 642, vol. 2.</p>

<p>At common law the recusation o£ a judge, except in special cases, does not affect the jurisdiction, but is merely a ground to set aside the verdict on error or appeal.</p> <p>Hence, when any cause of recusation or exception to a judge exists, such as that he is interested in the result of a suit, or is related to the parties, or has been of counsel, his acts and proceedings as judge, though erroneous, are ordinarily voidable only, and not absolutely void.</p> <p>In such a case the jurisdiction may be prorogued or the exception waived by the party’s proceeding with the prosecution or the defence, after full knowledge of the existence of just 'ground of recusation without making objection.</p> <p>Our courts of probate are of special and limited jurisdiction in that they have no jury, and their proceedings are not according to the course of common law ; yet they are made courts of record, and over all matters which come within their jurisdiction. That jurisdiction is to be regarded as general, and their judgments in such matters are conclusive, and can be reexamined only on appeal.</p> <p>The acts of a judge of probate are absolutely void in cases in which he is forbidden by statute to sit or act as judge, and in cases where his jurisdiction over a case is for special reasons conferred upon another judge.</p> <p>When a judge of probate acts as counsel in a cause in which he also acts as judge, his acts as judge are not, under our statute, absolutely void, but voidable on appeal.</p> <p>If a debtor, who owes the estate of a person deceased in another State, resides in or removes into this State, such indebtedness constitutes property of the deceased in this State, within the meaning of our statute, which will justify the appointment of an administrator of said estate in the county where such debtor resides.</p> <p>Where one party is an executor or administrator, the court may allow the other party to testify, when satisfied that injustice may be done without the testimony of such party; but ordinarily such testimony must be confined to matters concerning which the deceased, if living, would not be a witness.</p> <p>In such case, an administrator of the same estate in Massachusetts would not be a party to a suit brought by the administrator in this State, so as to disqualify him as a witness when the opposite party is an executor or administrator.</p> <p>When the question in dispute is whether any claim was presented to a commissioner upon an estate in another State, and if so, whether the claim so presented was the same as that claimed in the present action, it is proper to submit the whole question to the jury.</p>

Assumpsit, by David Currier against William W. Baker. At the March term, 1859, of the court of common pleas for the county of Merrimack, the New Hampshire Savings Bank, in Concord, recovered judgment and execution against the Manchester Oar & Machine, Works, Hiram Brown,' Ira Bliss, Wilbur Gay, John H. Newman, William W. Baker; George M. Flanders, James Wallace, Luther Farley, John P. Moore, Charles Flanders, and David Currier, for 89,906 debt, and $27.73 costs, upon a note…

The action is trespass, qu. cl., by Joshua Weeks against Crosby R. Edmunds and Benjamin A. Berry, and for cutting and carrying away and converting two tons of the plaintiff’s grass growing thereon. Another count is trespass, for carrying away and converting two tons of the plaintiff’s hay.