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51 T.C. 243

Baker v. Commissioner

United States Tax Court

Decided November 12, 1968

United States Tax Court · decided 1968-11-12

Petitioner, after graduating from college, began working full time in March 1964 for his father's construction company as an engineer. Held: that the study of law was undertaken by petitioner primarily for personal purposes and, therefore, the expenses he incurred for meals and lodging in 1964 are not deductible as ordinary and necessary business expenses under sec. 162(a), I.R.C. 1954, and sec. 1.162-5, Income Tax Regs.

Key passage — most relied on by later courts

“Admittedly, a legal education might be 'helpful' in an unlimited number of businesses. Law is a field so pervasive as to be helpful to some extent in virtually every type of employment. But this does not mean that everyone who is employed is entitled to deduct the expenses of acquiring a legal education.”

quoted by 1 later decision, including Morrison v. Commissioner

Relies on Carroll v. Commissioner

Good law ✅— No negative treatment on recordhow we know

Decision will be entered for the respondent · Decided 1968-11-12

How this case has been cited

Cited by 35 later decisions — most recently January 2012 · most notably Boser v. Commissioner (1981), Bodley v. Commissioner (1971)

130196819701980199020002010decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

View the full empirical analysis of this case →

Dkennbn, J.,

¶1concurring: I agree with the majority that the expenses here involved, incurred by petitioner while a full-time day student seeking a law degree, were expenses incurred in fulfilling petitioner’s “general educational 'aspirations” and were personal in nature and nondeductible under section 262. I also agree with that part of Judge Tannenwald’s concurring opinion wherein he questions whether these expenses can be considered deductible as “expenses of travel, meals, 'and lodging while away from home” (emphasis added). See secs. 62 and 162. If these expenses were to be considered an ordinary and necessary expense of petitioner as an employee of a construction firm, I think his business or tax home was in Denver; or if petitioner is considered to have been engaged in two businesses, his tax home was also Denver while he was in law school.

¶2I would add one further reason for disallowing the deduction. In my opinion a substantially closer relationship with one’s employment than that shown by petitioner is necessary to qualify legal education expenses as deductible under section 162(a). James A. Carroll, 51 T.C. 213 (1968). Admittedly, a legal education might be “helpful” in an unlimited number of businesses. Law is a field so pervasive as to be helpful to some extent in virtually every type of employment. But this does not mean that everyone who is employed is entitled to deduct the expenses of acquiring a legal education. I do not question that petitioner’s legal education, particularly some of the courses he took, proved useful and beneficial to him when he returned to full-time work with the construction company. However, the legal knowledge he obtained apparently qualified him for a substantial advancement in position with the company and also, when coupled with the law degree he obtained and his later admission to the bar, qualified him for an entirely new occupation if he wants to pursue it.

Simpson and Feathekston, //., agree with this concurring opinion.
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