Bittar v. Air Canada’s Empirical Analysis
512 F.2d 582 · 1975
Citation profile
33 federal appellate · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 48 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2005 · most notably Smith v. City of Jackson (2005), Wheelock College v. Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (1976)
33 federal appellate · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 29 U.S.C. § 621 (§ 2 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967)
Relies on Isbell Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizens Casualty Co. of New York · 4 Fair empl.prac.cas. 269, 4 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 7629 James D. Hodgson, Secretary of Labor, United States Department of Labor v. First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Broward County, Florida · Alfred OCHOA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MONSANTO COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee · 359 F. Supp. 1002 - Johnson v. University of Pittsburgh
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 48 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Upon a prima facie showing by the plaintiff, there is a shift, but not in the burden of proof. Only the burden of going forward with the evidence shifts to the defendant-employer. Once the defendant-employer comes forward with evidence that the plaintiff was discharged because of reasonable factors other than age, the plaintiff must still bear the burden of establishing a case of discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.