IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
No. 123,323
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
RACHAEL C. HILYARD,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
Premeditation may be shown by circumstantial evidence, provided inferences from
that evidence are reasonable.
2.
Sufficient evidence, even circumstantial, need not rise to such a degree of certainty
that it excludes any and every other reasonable conclusion.
3.
A defendant must consent to the use of a guilt-based defense, but that consent
need not be on the record.
4.
Absent a request from the defendant, this court need not remand a case for an
evidentiary hearing to resolve an ineffective assistance claim raised for the first time on
direct appeal.
1
5.
During closing arguments, a prosecutor does not shift the burden of proof to the
defendant by pointing out a lack of evidence either to support a defense or to corroborate
a defendant's argument about deficiencies in the State's case. Nor does a prosecutor shift
the burden of proof by mentioning the lack of evidence to rebut testimony and other
evidence presented by the State.
6.
A jury determines the weight and credit to be given the testimony of each witness.
While prosecutors are not allowed to offer personal opinions on credibility, a prosecutor
may suggest legitimate factors for the jury to consider when assessing witness credibility.
7.
K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 22-3429 imposes no affirmative duty for courts to raise the
issue of whether to order a mental examination. If the issue is raised, the decision of
whether to order such mental examination is discretionary.
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; BRUCE C. BROWN, judge. Opinion filed August 19, 2022.
Affirmed.
Randall L. Hodgkinson, of the Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on
the briefs for appellant.
Matt J. Maloney, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Marc Bennett, district attorney,
and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the brief for appellee.
2
The opinion of the court was delivered by
WILSON, J.: This is Rachael Hilyard's direct appeal after the district court imposed
a hard 50 prison sentence for her first-degree premeditated murder conviction. Hilyard
appeals on several theories, including insufficient evidence to support premeditation,
erroneous jury instruction, ineffective assistance of counsel, prosecutorial error, and the
district court's abuse of discretion. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm Hilyard's
conviction and sentence.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In April 2017, then 9-year-old J.G. accompanied his grandmother, Micki Davis, to
the home of Rachael Hilyard, his dad's ex-girlfriend. Davis had received a phone call
from Hilyard to pick up J.G.'s dad's things or Hilyard would leave them at the curb.
While gathering those things at Hilyard's home, Hilyard and Davis got into a fight.
According to J.G., Hilyard suddenly pushed Davis from behind and began attacking her.
As soon as J.G. saw the attack, he ran to Davis' pickup parked in the driveway,
locked himself inside, and called 911. While J.G. was in the truck, Hilyard approached
the truck and talked to J.G., asking him to let her in. She eventually left to go back into
the house.
J.G. left the truck and began running. He eventually stopped at the home of
Brandon Martinez, who was out in his garage. Martinez took over the 911 phone call for
J.G., and law enforcement soon arrived. With J.G. safely in the patrol vehicle, Officers
Crouch and Spicuglia tried to make contact at Hilyard's house by knocking on the front
door, looking through windows, and trying the back door—all with no response. Finally,
3
Officer Spicuglia lifted the single-stall garage door. Inside, he saw a female body near a
large pool of blood. The body's head was missing.
Officer Crouch moved to cover the perimeter of the house to contain whatever
evidence and suspects might be in the residence until more officers could arrive. When
more officers arrived on the scene, they entered the house and found Hilyard on the floor
of the bathroom. Hilyard immediately complied with all the officers' verbal commands.
She did not have any weapons and did not resist officers as they took her into custody.
The officers then found Davis' head in the kitchen sink. CSI collected two bloody kitchen
knives from near Davis' body.
While being transported, Hilyard overheard some radio traffic where the dispatch
gave the incorrect address for her home; without prompting, Hilyard coherently gave the
officers her correct address. After being placed in an interrogation room, Hilyard made an
unprompted statement to an officer to the effect of "this is my fault."
During an autopsy, the coroner found bruises on Davis' head, face, breast, and
lower back, as well as eight fractured ribs: all evidence of blunt force trauma. The
coroner testified there was no way to know whether someone had lost consciousness
based only on this type of bruising; but it was possible. The coroner then detailed the
sharp force injuries to Davis' neck; he could not tell exactly how many stab wounds there
were but was confident it was not just one uninterrupted cut through the neck. The
coroner explained that to sever the head from a torso, one must use significant effort. The
coroner also said he found blood in Davis' lungs, leading him to believe she was still
breathing while her throat was cut. Ultimately, the coroner ruled the cause of death was
sharp force injuries through the neck.
4
The physical evidence found in Hilyard's garage also suggested Davis was likely
alive while being decapitated. Crime scene investigators found blood spatters at the scene
which they believed had been caused by arterial spray—which generally requires an
amount of blood pressure or a pumping heart.
Hilyard was charged with first-degree premeditated murder. Initially, she was
found incompetent to stand trial and was ordered to undergo treatment at Larned State
Security Hospital. After treatment and a competency evaluation from Larned, the district
court found Hilyard competent to stand trial.
During the defense's opening statement, counsel acknowledged this was not a
"whodunit" case; there was no issue about who killed Davis. Rather, defense counsel told
the jury "when you have all of the evidence, I expect you will render a guilty verdict to
my client on the appropriate charge."
Hilyard testified as part of her defense. She acknowledged she was expecting
Davis and J.G. to pick up some of her ex-boyfriend's things and said she'd known Davis
for probably 20 years. While discussing a painting Hilyard wanted to give to Davis,
Hilyard thought Davis flinched at her. She "reacted," and they wrestled from the
adjoining laundry room into the garage, where Hilyard believed J.G. to be. Hilyard
admitted Davis did not touch her before the scuffle. Hilyard did not perceive Davis as a
threat but was "on edge" because she thought someone was coming to kill her. Hilyard
did not remember the details of the fight, but she knew she and Davis wrestled to the
garage. Contrary to the blunt force injuries found during the autopsy, Hilyard denied
remembering punching Davis at all. She did remember both herself and Davis "resisting."
5
Hilyard remembered J.G. running out of the garage during the fight. Hilyard
testified that when the fight ended, Davis was lying on the garage floor. She avoided
looking at Davis because she feared someone was watching her—Hilyard—through her
own eyes. She closed the garage door.
Hilyard testified that she then went into the house looking for J.G. Upon realizing
he was not in the house, she walked outside and found him in the truck. She approached
the truck and was confused as to why he was so scared; Hilyard told J.G. he did not need
to be scared. J.G. told Hilyard he was calling 911, at which point Hilyard returned to the
house.
Hilyard explained that once she was back in the house, she got one knife and went
back out into the garage. She testified she did not know Davis was still alive, nor did she
know Davis was breathing. But Hilyard also testified she went to the garage "to go make
sure [Davis] was okay still" . . . "'cuz [Hilyard] thought [Davis] was gonna get back up."
Hilyard then began severing Davis' head because "things" told Hilyard she had
little time and she needed to get Davis' head away from her body so her soul could get
free and go to heaven. As Hilyard was cutting through Davis' neck, the first knife broke.
She had to stop and go get another knife from the kitchen. After severing Davis' head,
Hilyard walked into the kitchen and placed Davis' head in the sink. Then she went into
the bathroom, where she believed she stayed until the police arrived.
During closing, defense counsel again summed up its position as, "[m]y client
killed Ms. Davis, but there's no premeditation." Counsel supported this by highlighting
Hilyard's belief that Davis was already dead. Other than Hilyard's own testimony, defense
counsel presented no evidence.
6
The court instructed the jury on three lesser included offenses, but the jury
ultimately convicted Hilyard of premeditated first-degree murder. The district court
sentenced Hilyard to life in prison with no chance of parole for 50 years. Hilyard filed a
timely notice of appeal.
ANALYSIS
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Hilyard's first issue on appeal is whether there was sufficient evidence to support
the jury's finding of premeditation. She argues there was not. We find sufficient evidence
in the record to support a finding of premeditation and no error below.
Preservation
Generally, there is no requirement for a criminal defendant to challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence before the trial court to preserve it for appeal. State v. Farmer,
285 Kan. 541, 545,
175 P.3d 221 (2008). We find no exception in this case to that general
rule.
Standard of Review
There must be evidence supporting each element of a crime to meet the
sufficiency of the evidence standard. An appellate court reviews sufficiency by looking at
all the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a
rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In
7
making that determination, the appellate court will not reweigh evidence, evaluate
witness credibility, or resolve conflicts in the evidence. State v. Gonzalez, 307 Kan. 575,
586,
412 P.3d 968 (2018).
Discussion
"Premeditation is the process of thinking about a proposed killing before engaging
in the homicidal conduct." State v. Scott, 271 Kan. 103, 108,
21 P.3d 516 (2001). Thus,
Hilyard argues she could not have formed premeditation unless she knew, or reasonably
should have known, that Davis was still alive before Hilyard dealt the fatal cut.
Premeditation need not be proved by direct evidence. Premeditation may be shown
by circumstantial evidence, provided inferences are reasonable. Our caselaw identifies
five factors to consider when deciding whether circumstantial evidence gives rise to an
inference of premeditation: "'(1) the nature of the weapon used; (2) lack of provocation;
(3) the defendant's conduct before and after the killing; (4) threats and declarations of the
defendant before and during the occurrence; and (5) the dealing of lethal blows after the
deceased was felled and rendered helpless.'" State v. Kettler, 299 Kan. 448, 467,
325 P.3d
1075 (2014) (quoting State v. Scaife,
286 Kan. 614, 617-18,
186 P.3d 755 [2008]).
Inferences reasonably drawn are not driven by the number of factors present in a
particular case, because in some cases one factor alone may be compelling evidence of
premeditation. See State v. Cook,
286 Kan. 1098, 1102,
191 P.3d 294 (2008).
It is not improper for a conviction to be sustained by circumstantial evidence, and
if there is substantial evidence this court will not disturb a guilty verdict. Sufficient
evidence, even circumstantial, need not rise to such a degree of certainty that it excludes
8
any and every other reasonable conclusion. State v. Logsdon, 304 Kan. 3, 25,
371 P.3d
836 (2016).
Hilyard focuses simply on her contention that the State did not prove, even
circumstantially, she knew Davis was alive when she delivered the fatal cut. While Davis
may have been alive but unconscious, Hilyard claims no evidence showed she knew or
reasonably could have known Davis was alive. This argument focuses on the fifth factor
above: the dealing of lethal blows after the deceased was felled and rendered helpless.
But there is evidence from which the jury could infer Hilyard knew Davis was
alive before she began to sever Davis' head and before Hilyard committed the final act
that ended Davis' life. For example, the coroner testified about forensic evidence which
indicates Davis was likely alive when Hilyard began that process. There was blood in
Davis' airways, which in this case illustrates she was still breathing when at least one of
the cuts was made to her neck. In addition, a crime scene investigator testified that the
arterial spray blood spatter patterns demonstrate Davis had blood pressure and a pumping
heart when at least some of the cuts were made.
Hilyard argues the coroner never testified that evidence of life would have been
apparent to a layperson; the State counters that even a layperson would understand these
to be signs of a living victim. Hilyard herself testified she went back to the garage "to go
make sure [Davis] was okay still" because "[she] thought [Davis] was gonna get back
up." By her own admission, a reasonable juror could have inferred that before
decapitating Davis, Hilyard thought Davis was "okay" and could have gotten back up.
9
Touching on the other Kettler factors, J.G. reported the attack was unprovoked. By
Hilyard's account, the attack began when Davis gave her a sideways glance and flinched,
which a reasonable juror could infer was no provocation at all.
There is sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding of premeditation, based
on reasonable inferences from physical evidence and the testimony of witnesses,
including Hilyard. We find no error below.
JURY INSTRUCTIONS
Next, Hilyard asserts the omission of additional language in a jury instruction was
error. This additional language clarifies the distinction between intent and premeditation.
Because Hilyard has not shown how the jury instruction, as given, was erroneous, we
find no error.
Preservation
Hilyard did not request at trial the jury instruction she now claims to be proper.
While that means the issue was not preserved for appeal, such preservation is not a
prerequisite to our consideration of the merits. However, failure to preserve the issue
does affect our standard of review. See K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 22-3414(3).
Standard of Review
"When a party challenges a district court's failure to give a particular instruction,
we review the challenge in three steps. First, we decide whether a failure to preserve the
issue or a lack of appellate jurisdiction precludes us from reviewing the challenge at all.
10
Parties generally cannot raise issues for the first time on appeal. . . . But a party may raise
a jury-instruction challenge for the first time on appeal under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3414(3) if the 'failure to give an instruction is clearly erroneous.' . . .
"At step two of our analysis, we evaluate the merits of the claim to determine
whether the district court erred by failing to give the instruction. In this step, we examine
whether the proposed instruction was both legally and factually appropriate. But we are
also mindful that a party is not entitled to any proposed instruction merely because it is
legally and factually appropriate. Thus, if the requested instruction is legally and factually
appropriate, we must also determine whether the instructions given by the district court,
considered together as a whole, properly and fairly stated the applicable law and were not
reasonably likely to mislead the jury. If so, the district court's failure to give the requested
instruction does not constitute error. Our review at this step is unlimited, meaning we
need not defer to any conclusions that the district court made about the propriety of the
instruction. If we conclude that the district court did err, then we move to step three.
"At step three, we determine whether the district court's error warrants reversal.
If the party failed to request an otherwise appropriate instruction at trial, . . . the
Legislature has instructed us to review only for clear error. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3414(3) (providing that '[n]o party may assign as error the giving or failure to give an
instruction . . . unless the party objects thereto before the jury retires' or 'unless . . . the
failure to give an instruction is clearly erroneous'). Under that standard, we will reverse a
conviction only if the party firmly convinces us that the jury would have reached a
different verdict had the district court given the instruction. [Citations omitted.]" State v.
Shields, 315 Kan. 814, 819-21,
511 P.3d 931 (2022).
"The first element of this analysis ultimately affects the last one 'in that whether a
party has preserved an issue for review will have an impact on the standard by which we
determine whether an error is reversible.'" State v. Ross, 310 Kan. 216, 223,
445 P.3d 726
(2019) (quoting State v. Barber,
302 Kan. 367, 377,
353 P.3d 1108 [2015]).
11
Hilyard argues that the failure to give her requested instruction was clearly
erroneous, and the State has not disputed her ability to raise that claim for the first time
on appeal. Thus, our review is not foreclosed under the first step of the analysis, and we
will reach the merits of the instructional challenge.
Discussion
The district court gave Hilyard's jury the standard instruction on premeditation
found at PIK Crim. 4th 54.150 (2020 Supp.). It states: "Premeditation means to have
thought the matter over beforehand, in other words, to have formed the design or intent to
kill before the act. Although there is no specific time period required for premeditation,
the concept of premeditation requires more than the instantaneous, intentional act of
taking another's life." This instruction was requested by Hilyard. She proposed no
additional language.
Hilyard now argues the district court should have modified the PIK instruction by
adding the following language as part of the instruction on premeditation:
"Premeditation requires more than mere impulse, aim, purpose, or objective. It requires a
period, however brief, of thoughtful, conscious reflection and pondering—done before
the final act of killing—that is sufficient to allow the actor to change his or her mind and
abandon his or her previous impulsive intentions." Hilyard's argument on this issue is
based on this court's recent decision in State v. Stanley, 312 Kan. 557, 569, 574,
478 P.3d
324 (2020), where this court advised it was best practice to use such language when the
district court also modifies the PIK instructions to include: "'Premeditation does not have
to be present before a fight, quarrel, or struggle begins. Premeditation is the time of
reflection or deliberation. Premeditation does not necessarily mean that an act is planned,
12
contrived or schemed beforehand. . . . Premeditation can occur during the middle of a
violent episode, struggle or fight.'" Notably, Hilyard does not argue the district court
should have included the full modifications outlined in Stanley in the instructions given
to her jury.
The instructions as given, without the additional requested language, must
constitute error for Hilyard to succeed. If the instructions given were sufficient, meaning
that they properly and fairly stated the law and were not reasonably likely to mislead the
jury, there is no error for an appellate court to correct. Shields, 315 Kan. at 821. In such a
situation, Shields shows that it is immaterial if another instruction, upon retrospect, was
also legally and factually appropriate, even if such instruction might have been more
clear or more thorough than the one given. 315 Kan. at 820.
"'The use of PIK instructions is not mandatory but is strongly recommended. The pattern
instructions have been developed by a knowledgeable committee to bring accuracy,
clarity, and uniformity to jury instructions. They should be the starting point in the
preparation of any set of jury instructions. If the particular facts in a given case require
modification of the applicable pattern instruction or the addition of some instruction not
included in PIK, the district court should not hesitate to make such modification or
addition. However, absent such need, PIK instructions and recommendations should be
followed.'" State v. Bernhardt, 304 Kan. 460, 470,
372 P.3d 1161 (2016) (quoting State v.
Dixon, 289 Kan. 46, Syl. ¶ 1,
209 P.3d 675 [2009]).
Thus, a district court has discretion to modify the PIK language where such
modification is legally and factually appropriate. The district courts in both Bernhardt
and Stanley found a particular need to include additional language based on the facts
before them. Upon our review of the facts in those cases, we ruled the additions to the
13
PIK language—and thus the jury instructions as given—remained legally and factually
appropriate.
But Hilyard advances a different line of argument: that the instruction as given,
without parts of the supplemental language, was erroneous. Hilyard asserts that the
additional language would have been "helpful to prevent the 'blurring of the distinction
between intent and premeditation,'" because of the "brawl" she asserts took place between
herself and the victim. In other words, Hilyard's claim relies on the assumption that the
PIK, as written, represents an insufficient statement of the law.
We disagree. While the additional language clarifies the law of premeditation in
some circumstances, it does not change the core substance accurately set forth in the PIK.
In Stanley, as in Bernhardt, we deemed the additional language "both a correct statement
of the law and factually appropriate given the potential for juror confusion over the
temporal intricacies embedded in the legal concept of premeditation." State v. Stanley,
312 Kan. at 565. But although the added language may enhance a jury's understanding of
the law, we cannot agree that the PIK, standing alone, is an incorrect, insufficient, or
unnecessarily confusing statement of the law. State v. McDaniel, 306 Kan. 595, 615,
395
P.3d 429 (2017) ("To be legally appropriate, 'an instruction must always fairly and
accurately state the applicable law . . . .'"); State v. Uk, 311 Kan. 393, 401-02,
461 P.3d 32
(2020) (finding identical language "fairly and clearly sets forth the law").
A close inspection of Hilyard's rationale shows only that the jury may have found
her additional instruction language "helpful" because there had been a "brawl." Even if
true, it is beside the point. The existence of a brawl, fight, or disagreement at some time
before the act of killing does not require additional assistance to the jury in every case on
the issue of premeditation; the standard PIK language is legally sufficient and generally
14
not likely to mislead the jury. In both Bernhardt and Stanley, there was a temporal
element that prompted the district court—in its discretion—to believe the jury may have
confused the issues of intent and premeditation. Neither a temporal element, nor any
other expressed reason for jury confusion has been shown here. And we must keep in
mind that Hilyard does not now request the full modified instructions approved of in
Stanley and Bernhardt, only a snippet. Assuming, without deciding, her proposed
modified instructions remain legally appropriate, Hilyard still simply fails to show any
necessity for the additional language such that the absence of that language was
erroneous. The instruction given was legally appropriate and not reasonably likely to
confuse the jury under the circumstances of this case.
Next, for all the reasons above that we found there was sufficient evidence to
support the jury's finding of premeditation, we also find it was factually appropriate to
give the standard instruction. State v. Bodine, 313 Kan. 378, 386,
486 P.3d 551 (2021)
(For an instruction to be factually appropriate, there must be sufficient evidence—viewed
in a light most favorable to the requesting party—to support the jury instruction.). While
Hilyard's proposed instruction would also have been factually appropriate, the additional
language she proposes was not necessary under the facts of this case. We find no error in
the instruction given.
Given our holding that the instructions as given were sufficient—being both
legally and factually appropriate—that is where our analysis ends. There was no error
below, so a prejudice analysis is unnecessary.
15
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In her third issue, Hilyard argues there must be an adequate showing on the record
that her trial counsel received her informed consent to pursue a guilt-based defense.
Otherwise, both her Sixth Amendment right to counsel and her right to a jury trial are
violated and this court must reverse her conviction and remand for a new trial.
During trial, Hilyard's counsel conceded there was no question that Hilyard killed
Davis. This is called a guilt-based defense. Although some form of homicide is admitted
by this defense, thereby functionally relieving the State of its burden to prove to the jury
beyond a reasonable doubt that Hilyard killed Davis, there may have been a good
strategic reason for using such a defense. As there are different classifications of criminal
homicide, some more serious than others, the admission of one element—the killing—
may make a jury more amenable to a defendant's arguments about other elements of
relevant charges. The guilt-based defense is sometimes used to emphasize the credibility
of another defense, especially if the defendant's counsel knows the cause and manner of a
victim's death seem obvious or could be proved easily.
Hilyard does not argue in her brief that she did not consent to her trial counsel's
guilt-based defense. Rather, she suggests there must be a showing on the record; the
record must disclose Hilyard agreed to the guilt-based defense. Without such, she argues
there was ineffective assistance of counsel so much that we must reverse and remand her
case for a new trial.
We find that Hilyard failed to preserve the issue and we decline to review it.
16
Preservation
Defense counsel has no right to conduct a defense premised on guilt over a client's
objection. State v. Carter, 270 Kan. 426, 440,
14 P.3d 1138, 1148 (2000) (defense
counsel's imposing a guilt-based defense against defendant's wishes violated his Sixth
Amendment right to counsel and denied him a fair trial). Hilyard does not claim she
objected to—or even complained of—a guilt-based defense. In fact, she may have
consented to such a defense. Hilyard does not say, and we do not know. She argues
simply that by judicial fiat we should create a rule which presumes there is no consent to
a guilt-based defense unless that consent is made on the record. Further, she argues that
without such a record, trial counsel was necessarily ineffective, and the proper remedy is
a new trial.
The merits of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim are not ordinarily
addressed for the first time on appeal. The usual course is a request by appellate counsel
for remand to the district court for an evidentiary hearing on the ineffective assistance
claim, commonly called a "Van Cleave hearing." See State v. Van Cleave, 239 Kan. 117,
120,
716 P.2d 580 (1986).
But Hilyard's counsel does not request remand for a Van Cleave hearing on her
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. When appellate counsel does not request a
hearing, this court need not order a Van Cleave remand sua sponte. See State v. Dull, 298
Kan. 832, 839,
317 P.3d 104 (2014) (declining to remand because of appellate counsel's
apparently deliberate decision not to seek a Van Cleave hearing, even though at least one
of the defendant's arguments may require an evidentiary hearing to resolve it).
17
Hilyard's assertion that a remand is unnecessary for an appellate court to resolve
the issue has rarely been successful.
"Although 'there are circumstances when no evidentiary record need be
established, when the merit or lack of merit of an ineffectiveness claim about trial
counsel is obvious,' and an ineffectiveness claim can therefore be resolved when raised
for the first time on appeal, these circumstances are 'extremely rare.' Rowland, 289 Kan.
at 1084-85; see also State v. Levy,
292 Kan. 379,
253 P.3d 341 (2011) (declining to
consider ineffective assistance claims for first time on direct appeal; declining to remand
for Van Cleave hearing based on defendant's failure to meet minimal requirements);
Laymon v. State, 280 Kan. 430, 444,
122 P.3d 326 (2005) (direct appeal counsel's
performance objectively unreasonable; performance prejudiced defendant); Carter, 270
Kan. at 433-34, 440-41 (trial counsel's pursuit of guilt-based defense despite client's
contrary wishes ineffective, prejudicial per se)." Dull, 298 Kan. at 839.
The record in Carter established one of the "extremely rare" times the
ineffectiveness claim could be resolved when raised first on appeal. But the
circumstances of Carter are strikingly different than those present in Hilyard's case.
In Carter, the defendant made repeated and vigorous objections to his trial
counsel's use of a guilt-based defense. Just like Hilyard's case, trial counsel admitted
involvement in a homicide, but argued there was no premeditation. Unlike Hilyard, the
defendant in Carter maintained his total innocence and complained vociferously—on the
record—more than once when his defense counsel attempted to use a guilt-based defense.
This court accepted Carter's claim—raised for the first time on appeal—because
the record was sufficient to decide the issue on direct appeal. The acts of counsel that
Carter relied on were not in dispute and there was no purpose to a remand. Carter, 270
18
Kan. at 432-33. Hilyard's case is not the same. Hilyard never objected on the record to
her trial counsel's use of a guilt-based strategy. Notably, she actively participated in it.
Hilyard took the stand and admitted to killing Davis. The purpose of her testimony
reflected her defense strategy: convincing the jury that there was no premeditation.
Simply put, Hilyard's case is not one of the "extremely rare" times an
ineffectiveness claim can be resolved on direct appeal. Her complained of error is that her
trial attorney did not memorialize her explicit consent to a guilt-based defense on the
record. But we find no rule that says it must be so and no compelling reason to impose
such a rule now. We will not create the presumption Hilyard seeks.
Conversely, there is also no rule that requires a defendant to object to a guilt-based
defense on the record. Neither is there a rule creating a presumption that she has not
objected to such a defense if the objection is not made on the record.
The only dispute Hilyard offers is whether she consented to the guilt-based
defense; if she told her attorney she did not want to use a guilt-based defense and they
used one anyway, it would certainly be ineffective assistance of counsel. Without a rule
requiring either on-the-record consent or on-the-record objection, an evidentiary hearing
would be the proper avenue to determine whether Hilyard opposed her trial counsel's
defense strategy. Quite simply, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to
obtain consent for a guilt-based defense must be proved below. It has not been.
Hilyard did not ask for a remand for an evidentiary hearing in her appeal, which she
states was an intentional choice. Both her brief and her reply brief argue that "[t]he only
proper remedy is to reverse and remand for a new trial." As this court demonstrated in
Dull, absent a request from the defendant, it need not remand a case for an evidentiary
19
hearing to resolve an ineffective assistance claim raised for the first time on direct appeal.
Dull, 298 Kan. at 839-40.
No remand for a Van Cleave hearing was requested and one will not be ordered
sua sponte by this court.
In sum, this issue is not preserved and we decline review.
PROSECUTORIAL ERROR
In her fourth issue for review, Hilyard argues that the prosecutor misstated the law
during closing arguments, which effectively shifted the burden and constituted
prosecutorial error. We disagree and find no error.
Preservation
Hilyard did not object to the State's closing argument at trial. While this court can
consider the presence—or absence—of a contemporaneous objection when analyzing an
instance of alleged prosecutorial error, no objection is needed to preserve it for review.
State v. Blevins, 313 Kan. 413, 428,
485 P.3d 1175 (2021).
Standard of Review
There are two steps to the prosecutorial error analysis:
"[T]he appellate court must decide whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall
outside the wide latitude afforded prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to
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obtain a conviction in a manner that does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to
a fair trial. If error is found, the appellate court must next determine whether the error
prejudiced the defendant's due process rights to a fair trial. In evaluating prejudice . . .
prosecutorial error is harmless if the State can demonstrate 'beyond a reasonable doubt
that the error complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of
the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to
the verdict.'" State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 109,
378 P.3d 1060 (2016) (quoting Ward,
292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ 6).
Prosecutors fall outside their wide latitude—and thus commit error—if they
misstate the law. State v. Ross, 310 Kan. 216, 221,
445 P.3d 726 (2019). Likewise, it is
improper for the prosecutor to attempt to shift the burden of proof to the defendant.
A prosecutor does not shift the burden of proof to the defendant by pointing out a
lack of evidence either to support a defense or to corroborate a defendant's argument
about deficiencies in the State's case. Nor does a prosecutor shift the burden of proof by
posing a general question about the lack of evidence offered to rebut testimony and other
evidence presented by the State. The prosecutor's comment must be evaluated in context
and can be mitigated by jury instructions on the burden of proof. State v. Watson, 313
Kan. 170, 176-77,
484 P.3d 877 (2021).
Discussion
In Hilyard's case, the district court instructed the jury on three lesser included
offenses, including second-degree intentional murder, second-degree reckless murder,
and involuntary manslaughter. It also properly instructed the jury on the law, explaining
that if the jury had a reasonable doubt between a greater and lesser offense, it could only
convict of the lesser.
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During the State's closing argument, the prosecutor discussed the jury's options
between the charge of premeditated first-degree murder and the three lesser included
offenses. He also properly explained, "it is for you to determine the weight and credit to
be given the testimony of each witness."
Later, the prosecutor specifically addressed with the jury the lesser included
offenses of second-degree reckless murder and involuntary manslaughter:
"These other two statutes—excuse me, other two options are reckless murder,
which says you do something recklessly, and here's the definition, and then there's a
definition of involuntary manslaughter, which gives a lesser—a lesser degree of
recklessness. This applies if you believe that Ms. Hilyard truly didn't know [Davis] was
still alive and just recklessly disregarded the fact that she was a living, breathing human
being when she slit her throat." (Emphasis added.)
And he continues, circling back to the jury's role:
"Again, instruction two, you judge the credibility of all witnesses. On this day
this woman attacks from behind, without provocation, this is according to [J.G.]. And you
can judge [J.G.]'s credibility and how many other things he got right. Without any
provocation this woman attacks his grandmother, beats her to the ground, and when she's
unable to defend herself she takes—she goes back in the house, makes a decision, goes
back in the house, gets a knife, makes sure that the garage door is down and then she is
determined to do what she did until she has completed the task. I'm asking you to find
this woman guilty of first degree premeditated murder."
Hilyard only complains about the emphasized language above, "if you believe that
Ms. Hilyard truly didn't know [Davis] was still alive." She contends that this both
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misstates the law and shifts the burden from the State to herself because "the jury didn't
have to believe anything in order to convict Ms. Hilyard of the lesser included offense—
it only had to form a reasonable doubt that the state proved intent and premeditation."
Hilyard argues that this statement shifted the burden in a way that the jury could only
convict of the lesser offense if it believed that the defense proved something, i.e., whether
Hilyard knew Davis was still alive.
But the State did not say the jury had to believe the defense proved anything.
Rather, the prosecutor was explaining which lesser offense might apply depending on the
determinations the jury made about the evidence. As the State points out, it is like the
prosecutor saying "if you find" rather than "if you believe." In other words, if the State
failed to prove to the jury that Hilyard did know Davis was still alive (i.e., if the jury
believed/found Hilyard did not know Davis was still alive), a lesser included offense
might apply.
To any extent the prosecutor was referring to believing Hilyard specifically, it
would not have been burden shifting; it would have been in the context of the jury's role
of determining the weight and credit to be given to the testimony of each witness. While
prosecutors are not allowed to offer personal opinions on credibility, this court has held
that a prosecutor may explain the legitimate factors which a jury may consider in
assessing witness credibility and may argue why the factors present in the case should
lead to a compelling inference of truthfulness. State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 911, 935-37,
329 P.3d 400 (2014).
Just after the "believe" language, the prosecutor highlighted the factors which
could compel the jury to believe J.G.'s truthfulness and which simultaneously undercut
Hilyard's own testimony. Just like in Williams, the prosecutor's statements here, when
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placed in context, permissibly directed the jury to the evidence that boosted or degraded
the credibility of the witnesses. We find no error.
MENTAL EVALUATION
Finally, Hilyard argues the district court's failure to order a mental evaluation
under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3429 constitutes an abuse of discretion which requires this
court to reverse her sentence and remand with directions for the district court to order an
evaluation according to the statute. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3429 states in full:
"After conviction and prior to sentence and as part of the presentence
investigation authorized by K.S.A. 21-6703, and amendments thereto or for crimes
committed on or after July 1, 1993, a presentence investigation report as provided in
K.S.A. 21-6813, and amendments thereto, the trial judge may order the defendant
committed for mental examination, evaluation and report. If the defendant is convicted of
a felony, the commitment shall be to the state security hospital or any suitable local
mental health facility. If the defendant is convicted of a misdemeanor, the commitment
shall be to a state hospital or any suitable local mental health facility. If adequate private
facilities are available and if the defendant is willing to assume the expense thereof,
commitment may be to a private hospital. A report of the examination and evaluation
shall be furnished to the judge and shall be made available to the prosecuting attorney
and counsel for the defendant. A defendant may not be detained for more than 120 days
under a commitment made under this section."
Preservation
Hilyard did not raise this issue below. She neither requested a mental evaluation
under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3429 nor did she object to the lack of such an evaluation.
Generally, this court will not consider legal theories not raised in the court below. State v.
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Perkins, 310 Kan. 764, 768,
449 P.3d 756 (2019). But Hilyard now argues this court can
reach the issue for the first time on appeal because the failure to do so would lead to the
denial of a fundamental right. In so arguing, she effectively claims our court should apply
a discretionary exception to the preservation rule. This court will sometimes review
unpreserved claims when: (1) "The newly asserted claim involves only a question of law
arising on proved or admitted facts and is determinative of the case"; (2) consideration of
the question is "necessary to serve the ends of justice or to prevent the denial of
fundamental rights"; or (3) the judgment of a trial court should be upheld on appeal as
"right for the wrong reason." State v. Godfrey,
301 Kan. 1041, 1043,
350 P.3d 1068
(2015).
Here, the second factor applies, as we agree a fundamental right is implicated. We
choose to exercise our discretion to consider Hilyard's issue. Therefore, it is under the
second exception we now review her claim.
Standard of Review
A district court's decision on whether to order an evaluation under K.S.A. 2021
Supp. 22-3429 is reviewable for abuse of discretion. State v. Evans, 313 Kan. 972, 992,
492 P.3d 418 (2021).
Discussion
K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 22-3429 provides, in part, "[a]fter conviction and prior to
sentence and as part of the presentence investigation authorized by K.S.A. 2021 Supp.
21-6703 . . . the trial judge may order the defendant committed for mental examination,
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evaluation and report. If the defendant is convicted of a felony, the commitment shall be
to the state security hospital or any suitable local mental health facility."
Then, if the report of the examination authorized by K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 22-3429
shows
"the defendant is in need of psychiatric care and treatment, that such treatment may
materially aid in the defendant's rehabilitation and that the defendant and society are not
likely to be endangered by permitting the defendant to receive such psychiatric care and
treatment, in lieu of confinement or imprisonment, the trial judge shall have power to
commit such defendant to: (1) The state security hospital or any county institution
provided for the reception, care, treatment and maintenance of mentally ill persons, if the
defendant is convicted of a felony." K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 22-3430.
In Evans, the defendant went a step further than Hilyard by filing a request for a
mental evaluation under K.S.A. 22-3429. The district court considered the motion but
denied it. Evans argued the trial court needed to explain its reason for denying the request
and its failure to do so constituted an abuse of discretion.
Our holding in Evans was clear:
"Under Evans' reasoning, mental evaluations would be the rule, and not ordering
them would be an exception subject to close appellate scrutiny. In practical effect, Evans
asks this court to establish a rule that all requests for presentencing mental evaluations
must be granted unless the trial court can state some compelling reason not to grant the
request. We decline to impose such a burden on sentencing courts. No such rule is
contained in the statutory language, and such a rule would be contrary to the plain
language of the statute, which says that "the trial judge may order the defendant
committed for mental examination, evaluation and report." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3429.
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"The statutory evaluation scheme is clearly permissive, and it is the defendant's
burden to persuade a sentencing court that a mental examination serves the interests of
justice. When a party presents no facts and makes no argument to support its request for
relief, an issue may be deemed abandoned. Furthermore, . . . surely Evans had some
burden to establish a record of her argument and the findings that led to its rejection. . . .
"Simply asserting that the trial court denied a request does not elevate an issue to
the status of preserved for appeal. . . .
"Here, Evans never stated any grounds to the trial court why it should grant her
request for a mental health evaluation. She created no record in support of her motion,
and she essentially abandoned the argument below. For these reasons, this issue fails to
present reversible error." (Emphasis added.) Evans, 313 Kan. at 992-93.
Hilyard did not request a mental examination, let alone meet her burden to
persuade the sentencing court to order a mental examination. The statute imposes no
affirmative duty for courts to raise this issue sua sponte and whether to do so is clearly
discretionary. There is no indication the sentencing judge was unaware of this discretion.
There is no error.
CONCLUSION
Hilyard is not due the relief she now seeks. There was sufficient evidence to
support the jury's finding of premeditation, no jury instruction error, and no prosecutorial
error. Her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is not properly preserved. The trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying her request for a mental health evaluation.
The conviction and sentence are affirmed.
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