California v. Roy’s Empirical Analysis
1996
Citation profile
280 federal appellate · 9 district · 113 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 602 later decisions (5 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2021 · most notably Johnson v. United States (1997), Neder v. United States (1999)
280 federal appellate · 9 district · 113 state decisions — followed in 17 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Chapman v. State of California · Kotteakos v. United States · Brecht v. Abrahamson · Arizona v. Fulminante · Sullivan v. Louisiana
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 602 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.”
23 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“is in grave doubt as to the harmlessness of an error,”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'The error in the present case can be harmless only if the jury verdict on other points effectively embraces this one or if it is impossible, upon the evidence, to have found what the verdict did find without finding this point as well.'”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.