Case: 22-30622 Document: 00516522312 Page: 1 Date Filed: 10/26/2022
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
October 26, 2022
No. 22-30622
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
In re: Calvin Levy,
Petitioner.
Petition for a Writ of Mandamus to
the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
No. 2:21-CV-1993
Before King, Jones, and Smith, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:
The plaintiff, Calvin Levy, petitions for a writ of mandamus directing
the district court to remand this removed action to state court for want of
federal-court jurisdiction. This matter arises from a traffic collision. Levy is
a citizen of Louisiana, as is the driver of the other vehicle, defendant Emile
Dumesnil. At the time of removal by diverse defendant Zurich American
Insurance Company (“Zurich”), neither Dumesnil nor defendant Dynamic
Energy Services International, LLC, had been served. 1
Levy initiated an action in Louisiana state court against the three
defendants. Zurich—the only defendant that had received service of
1
Dynamic claims to be a citizen of Louisiana, and nothing in the record indicates
otherwise. The amount in controversy is admitted to be in excess of $75,000.
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No. 22-30622
process—promptly removed to federal court, asserting that removal was
proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2), otherwise known as the “forum-defendant rule.” That statute provides that an “action otherwise removable
solely on the basis of [diversity] jurisdiction under [
28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)]
“may not be removed if any of the parties in interest properly joined and
served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.”
According to Zurich, it could remove to federal court because Dumesnil—a
citizen of the forum state—had not yet been served.
The problem for these defendants, however, is the passage in
§ 1441(b)(2) that limits it to “action[s] otherwise removable” on no basis
other than § 1332(a), the statute that confers diversity jurisdiction. By reading §§ 1441(b)(2) and 1332(a) together, we know that removal under
§ 1441(b)(2) is permissible only if complete diversity exists among all named
parties: Each plaintiff must be diverse from each defendant, i.e., there must
be what is known as “complete diversity.” Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 3 Cranch
(7 U.S.) 267, 2 L. Ed. 435 (1806); Corfield v. Dallas Glen Hills LP,
355 F.3d
853, 857 (5th Cir. 2003). Moreover, “diversity of citizenship must exist both
at the time of filing in state court and at the time of removal to federal court.”
Ashford v. Aeroframe Servs., L.L.C.,
907 F.3d 385, 386 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Coury v. Prot,
85 F.3d 244, 248–49 (5th Cir. 1996)).
In New York Life Insurance Co. v. Deshotel, 142 F.3d 873 (5th Cir.
1998), we explained that the complete-diversity requirement cannot be circumvented through failure to serve a party that would otherwise destroy
complete diversity. Rather, when determining whether complete diversity
exists, a court looks to the parties named in the action:
A non-resident defendant cannot remove an action if the citizenship of any co-defendant, joined by the plaintiff in good
faith, destroys complete diversity, regardless of service or nonservice upon the co-defendant. Whenever federal jurisdiction
2
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No. 22-30622
in a removal case depends upon complete diversity, the existence of diversity is determined from the fact of citizenship of
the parties named and not from the fact of service.
Id. at 883 (citing, inter alia, Pullman Co. v. Jenkins,
305 U.S. 534, 540–41
(1939)). The reason for this rule is straightforward: In an effort to manufacture complete diversity, a non-forum defendant “should not be permitted to
seize an opportunity to remove the cause before service upon the resident co-defendant is effected.” Pullman,
305 U.S. at 541.2
Here, there are a named plaintiff and at least one named defendant
who are both citizens of Louisiana; that destroys complete diversity. Because
diversity jurisdiction was the only asserted basis for removal, this case should
be remanded to state court. The defendants, however, unnecessarily complicate this simple analysis, citing inapposite caselaw regarding “snap removals.” A snap removal is a term of art used to describe a defendant’s
proper invocation of § 1441(b)(2) to remove an action before a named co-defendant, who is a citizen of the forum, has been served. If the unserved co-defendant had already been served, then removal would not be permissible.
2
A leading treatise states the governing law flatly as follows:
Although [§ 1441(b)(2)] specifies that only “properly joined and
served” defendants are considered for purposes of the forum-defendant
rule . . ., it does not specify whether unserved defendants are to be considered in determining the existence of diversity for removal purposes. Nevertheless, the law seems to be settled that whether defendants have been
served is irrelevant; diversity for purposes of removal is based on the citizenship of all parties named in the complaint.
16 James W. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 107.52[1], at 107-77
to 107-78 (3d ed. 2022). The only Fifth Circuit decision that the treatise cites is Deshotel,
which is consistent with the decisions of the other circuits that have decided the issue.
From the other federal circuits, Moore’s cites Pecherski v. Gen. Motors Corp., 636 F.2d
1156, 1160 (8th Cir. 1981), and Preaseau v. Prudential Ins. Co.,
591 F.2d 74, 78–79 (9th Cir.
1979).
3
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No. 22-30622
The defendants mainly rely on Texas Brine Co., LLC v. American
Arbitration Association, Inc., 955 F.3d 482 (5th Cir. 2020), where we authorized the use of snap removals in this circuit. The parties in Texas Brine were
completely diverse; indeed, we began our analysis by confirming as much.
Id.
at 485 (“Here, the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction because each
defendant was diverse from the plaintiff.”). Furthermore, the extra-circuit
cases we relied on in Texas Brine all confirmed that their parties were completely diverse as well.3 “[T]he forum-defendant rule is a procedural rule
and not a jurisdictional one.” Texas Brine,
955 F.3d at 485. Accordingly, it
cannot confer jurisdiction where jurisdiction does not exist.
The parties disagree as to whether Deshotel or Texas Brine is the precedent that informs jurisdiction in this case. The answer is twofold. First, if
those decisions were in conflict, the earlier one―Deshotel―would control
under this circuit’s rule of orderliness. Second, it turns out that there is no
conflict, as we now explain.
The key is that where―as here―there is no other basis for subject matter jurisdiction, no case can be successfully removed unless diversity is complete. That follows from the fact that a case is not removable if the plaintiff
could not have brought it in federal court in the first instance, and diversity
must be complete for a matter relying solely on diversity jurisdiction to be
filed initially in federal court. A further limitation is that a defendant may not
3
See Gibbons v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 919 F.3d 699, 704 n.2 (2d Cir. 2019)
(“The parties do not contest that the plaintiffs in all fifteen actions now before this Court
are diverse from Defendants.”); Encompass Ins. Co. v. Stone Mansion Rest. Inc.,
902 F.3d
147, 149 (3d Cir. 2018) (“Encompass, a citizen of Illinois, then brought the instant action
against Stone Mansion, a Pennsylvania corporation”); McCall v. Scott,
239 F.3d 808, 813
n.2 (6th Cir. 2001) (“Where there is complete diversity of citizenship, as LSERS concedes
there was, the inclusion of an unserved resident defendant in the action does not defeat
removal under
28 U.S.C. § 1441(b).”), amended on denial of reh’g,
250 F.3d 997 (6th Cir.
2001) (maintaining analysis addressed here).
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No. 22-30622
remove an otherwise-removable matter if any properly joined defendant is a
citizen of the forum. But under § 1441(b)(2), as quoted above, that further
limitation applies only to resident defendants that have been served by the
time of removal.
That is what Deshotel says: Complete diversity is still required even if
one or more defendants have not been served; citizenship is what counts. So
in a situation of complete diversity, a case can be removed despite the presence of a resident defendant, but only if that defendant is unserved. Texas
Brine governs a case with complete diversity.
But that reasoning is inapplicable here, because, as in Deshotel, complete diversity is wanting. A defendant’s “non-diverse citizenship cannot be
ignored simply because he was an unserved defendant.” Deshotel, 142 F.3d
at 540.
The ruling in Deshotel is absolute and admits of no exceptions. Despite
that Levy relied heavily on Deshotel in his motion to remand, the district
court, in denying that motion, never mentioned it. It is also telling that in
their opposition to the mandamus petition, the defendants omit any reference
to Deshotel. And though it would have been helpful for purposes of reconciling the two decisions, Texas Brine does not cite Deshotel.
In sum, the critical distinction is whether diversity is complete. In that
regard, Levy, in his mandamus petition, correctly posits that “Texas Brine is
consistent with Deshotel,” based on the fact that “[i]n Texas Brine, unlike
[Levy], diversity was complete. Had the Texas Brine plaintiff wanted, it could
have filed its case originally in federal court. Mr. Levy, by contrast, could not
have done so.”
Because the only basis for removal in this case was diversity jurisdiction, and complete diversity is lacking, the district court must dismiss for
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want of jurisdiction. Confident that the court will carry out this directive, we
DENY the petition for writ of mandamus without prejudice.4
Certified as a true copy and issued
as the mandate on Oct 26, 2022
Attest:
Clerk, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit
4
“We decline to issue the writ of mandamus at this time, as we are confident that
the district court will reconsider its ruling in light of this opinion.” In re Avantel, S.A.,
343 F.3d 311, 314 (5th Cir. 2003).
6
