United States v. Hall’s Empirical Analysis
525 F.2d 857 · 1976
Citation profile
63 federal appellate · 6 district · 104 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 192 later decisions — most recently March 2026 · most notably State v. Bobo (1988), State v. Andrews (1991)
63 federal appellate · 6 district · 104 state decisions — followed in 12 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Wong Sun v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio · Adams v. Williams · Sibron v. State of New York Peters
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 192 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“are to be viewed through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene, guided by his experience and training.”
23 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“"The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary, Terry recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate response. See id., [392 U.S.] at 23, [ 88 S.Ct. 1868 ]. A brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time. Id., at 21-22 , [ 88 S.Ct. 1868 ]; see Gaines v. Craven, 448 F.2d 1236 (CA9 1971); United States v. Unverzagt, 424 F.2d 396 (CA8 1970)." Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-46 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612, 616-17 (1972).”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[W]ould the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search `warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief' that the action taken was appropriate?”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.