¶1(concurring).
¶2I concur in the result, but upon different grounds.
¶3A knowledgeable and voluntary guilty plea constitutes a waiver of the right to claim double jeopardy. 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 277, p. 712; Kistner v. United States, 332 F.2d 978 (8th Cir. 1964); Smith v. United States, 359 F.2d 481 (8th Cir. 1966); Cox v. Crouse, 376 F.2d 824 (10th Cir. 1967), cert. den. 88 S.Ct. 128, 389 U.S. 865, 19 L.Ed.2d 136; United States v. Hoyland, 264 F.2d 346 (7th Cir. 1959), cert. den. 361 U.S. 845, 80 S.Ct. 98, 4 L.Ed.2d 83. In Kistner v. United States, supra, the Court said:
“. . . Constitutional immunity from double jeopardy is a personal defense which must be affirmatively pleaded at trial and is waived by a plea of guilty along with all non-jurisdictional defects, facts and defenses. See Harris v. United States, 237 F.2d 274 (8th Cir. 1956) and Harris v. United States, 288 F.2d 790 (8th Cir. 1961).”
¶4See also: People v. Burks, 204 C.A.2d 494, 22 Cal.Rptr. 414; Cox v. State, 197 Kan. 395, 416 P.2d 741; State v. Ward, 198 Kan. 61, 422 P.2d 961; Commonwealth v. Therrien (Mass.S.Ct.), 269 N.E.2d 687; People v. Walker, 28 Mich.App. 650, 184 N.W.2d 742; State v. Gainey, 265 N.C. 437, 144 S.E.2d 249; Barnett v. Gladden, 237 Or. 76, 390 P.2d 614, cert. den. 379 U.S. 947, 85 S.Ct. 445, 13 L.Ed.2d 545; Commonwealth v. Nyman, 218 Pa.Super. 221, 275 A.2d 836.
¶5Moreover, equally conclusive in this case, the double jeopardy question is waived if it is not presented to the trial court before entering upon a trial upon the merits, and may not be raised for the first time in a collateral proceeding. 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 277, p. 711; Morlan v. United States, 230 F.2d 30 (10th Cir. 1956); Bracey v. Zerbst, 93 F.2d 8 (10th Cir. 1937); Callahan v. United States, 35 F.2d 633 (10th Cir. 1929); Brady v. United States, 24 F.2d 399 (8th Cir. 1928); United States v. Scott, 150 U.S.App.D.C. 323, 464 F.2d 832 (D.C.Cir. 1972); Barker v. Ohio, 328 F.2d 582 (6th Cir. 1964); Whitten v. Tomlinson, 160 U.S. 231, 16 S.Ct. 297, 40 L.Ed. 406; People v. Westwood, 154 Cal.App.2d 406, 316 P.2d 23; Ex parte Hess, 45 Cal.2d 171, 288 P.2d 5; People v. Pollock, 31 Cal.App.2d 747, 89 P.2d 128; People v. Scales, 18 I11.2d 283,164 N.E.2d 76; State v. Ford, 117 Kan. 735, 232 P. 1023; People v. Powers, 272 Mich. 303, 261 N.W. 543; State ex rel. Dunlap v. Utecht, 206 Minn. 41, 287 N.W. 229; Lowther v. Maxwell, 175 Ohio St. 39, 191 N.E.2d 172; People ex rel. Williams v. Follette, 292 N.Y.S.2d 190, 30 A.D.2d 693, affd. 24 N.Y.2d 949, 302 N.Y.S.2d 584, 250 N.E.2d 71. See also: 39 C.J.S., Habeas Corpus § 23.