City of Chicago v. Morales’s Empirical Analysis
1999
Citation profile
502 federal appellate · 247 district · 678 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 2,315 later decisions (38 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably United States v. Booker (2004), Troxel v. Granville (2000)
502 federal appellate · 247 district · 678 state decisions — followed in 43 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 10 U.S.C. § 334
Relies on Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth · Gideon v. Wainwright · Ornelas v. United States · Whren v. United States · Broadrick v. Oklahoma
Cited together with Kolender v. Lawson · United States v. Salerno · Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. · Broadrick v. Oklahoma · Leila Jeanne Hill Audrey Himmelmann Everitt Simpsons v. Colorado
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 2,315 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Vagueness may invalidate a criminal law for either of two independent reasons. First, it may fail to provide the kind of notice that will enable ordinary people to understand what conduct it prohibits; second, it may authorize and even encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.”
23 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the freedom to loiter for innocent purposes is part of the `liberty' protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”
21 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]o the extent we have consistently articulated a clear standard for facial challenges, it is not the Salerno formulation, which has never been the decisive factor in any decision in this Court, including Salerno itself.” See also Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702 , 740, 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 111 (1997) (Stevens, J„ concurring) (”
19 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.