Florida v. JL’s Empirical Analysis
2000
Citation profile
487 federal appellate · 94 district · 1,066 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 2,155 later decisions (5 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably State v. Jordan (2004), Caldarola v. Calabrese (2002)
487 federal appellate · 94 district · 1,066 state decisions — followed in 44 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Adams v. Williams · Alabama v. White · New Jersey v. T. L. O.
Cited together with Terry v. Ohio · Alabama v. White · Illinois v. Gates · Adams v. Williams · Illinois v. Wardlow
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 2,155 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“An accurate description of a subject’s readily observable location and appearance is of course reliable in this limited sense: It will help the police correctly identify the person whom the tipster means to accuse. Such a tip, however, does not show that the tipster has knowledge of concealed criminal activity. The reasonable suspicion here at issue requires that a tip be reliable in its assertion of illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate person.”
234 later decisions quote this exact passage“enable any person seeking to harass another to set in motion an intrusive, embarrassing police search of the targeted person simply by placing an anonymous call falsely reporting the target's unlawful carriage of a gun.”
29 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The facts of this case do not require us to speculate about the circumstances under which the danger alleged in an anonymous tip might be so great as to justify a search even without a showing of reliability. We do not say, for example, that a report of a person carrying a bomb need bear the indicia of reliability we demand for a report of a person carrying a firearm before the police can constitutionally conduct a frisk.”
27 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.