Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams’s Empirical Analysis
2002
Citation profile
584 federal appellate · 710 district · 201 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 3,129 later decisions (3 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2025 · most notably Calero-Cerezo v. United States Department of Justice (2004), Chevron Inc v. Echazabal (2002)
584 federal appellate · 710 district · 201 state decisions — followed in 23 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 29 U.S.C. § 2601 (§ 2 of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993) · 29 U.S.C. § 706 · 29 U.S.C. § 790 · 29 U.S.C. § 794 · 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (§ 2 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (§ 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12111 (§ 101 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12112 (§ 102 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990)
Relies on Karen Sutton Kimberly Hintons v. United Air Lines Inc · Bragdon v. Abbott · Albertsons Inc v. Hallie Kirkingburg · Irvine v. People of State of California
Cited together with Karen Sutton Kimberly Hintons v. United Air Lines Inc · Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. · Celotex Corporation v. Catrett H · McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · Bragdon v. Abbott
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 3,129 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(i) Unable to perform a major life activity that the average person in the general population can perform; or (ii) Significantly restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which an individual can perform a particular major life activity as compared to the condition, manner, or duration under which the average person in the general population can perform that same major life activity.”
182 later decisions quote this exact passage“(i) The term substantially limits means significantly restricted in the ability to perform either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes as compared to the average person having comparable training, skills and abilities. The inability to perform a single, particular job does not constitute a substantial limitation in the major life activity of working.”
20 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“are of central importance to daily life,”
19 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.