Opinion issued December 14, 2017
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-16-00766-CR
———————————
ARLIN WALBERT BARRIENTOS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 208th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 1414140
OPINION
A jury convicted appellant, Arlin Walbert Barrientos, of the first-degree
felony offense of murder and assessed his punishment at fifty years’ confinement. 1
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b) (West 2011).
In two issues, appellant contends that (1) the State failed to present sufficient
evidence that he committed the offense of murder under the law of parties, and
(2) the trial court erroneously admitted evidence of gang activity and appellant’s
gang affiliation during the guilt-innocence phase of trial.
We affirm.
Background
A. Factual Background
On January 4, 2014, Nicholas Perez and another unnamed individual
celebrated their respective birthdays by having a house party on Nyoka Street, a
street with a mixture of industrial properties, businesses, and residences in northwest
Houston. The party was well attended, with people socializing, drinking, and
smoking both inside of the house and in the front yard, which was surrounded by a
chain-link fence. One of Perez’s long-time friends, the complainant Wayland Clark,
attended the party, and he spent time with Perez “just having fun and drinking.”
After midnight, Perez and Clark walked through the gate in the fence
surrounding the yard to Perez’s car, and Perez heard gunshots. Perez could not tell
where the gunshots were coming from, but he ducked down and grabbed his own
pistol from his waistband. A bullet grazed Perez in the arm and back, and two other
bullets hit Clark in his neck and lower abdomen. Clark later died from his injuries.
Perez ran toward Nyoka Street, and he saw a car quickly pulling out of a parking lot
2
adjacent to the house and driving down the street. Perez testified that “the first thing
that came to my mind was that car is driving off fast,” and he ran a little way after
the car and fired his pistol into the air.
Dakotah Drakeford learned about the party on Nyoka Street from social
media. She arrived around 9:30 or 10:00 p.m. She testified that to get to the house
partygoers had to enter through a gate in the fence surrounding the front yard. She
did not witness anyone arguing during the course of the party. At one point in the
evening, she was outside and standing near the front porch of the house when she
heard gunshots coming from the parking lot area next to the house. Drakeford did
not see who fired the gunshots. She stated that she did not believe the shooter was
on foot because she heard five or six gunshots immediately followed by a car pulling
away very quickly. She did not see what kind of car quickly drove off.
Miguel Preza also learned about the party from social media. There was a
large crowd of people inside the house, and Preza went outside to smoke a cigarette.
As he stood about five feet from the gate inside the front yard, “They started shooting
and [he] started running and [he] got shot.” Preza did not see who fired the gunshots,
but he did see a muzzle flash coming from the parking lot. Preza was shot in the
arm and lost consciousness. Other than remembering that there were a “bunch” of
shots fired, Preza could not remember anything else about the shooting.
3
Aaron Clark, one of Wayland Clark’s younger brothers, also attended the
party. Aaron did not see anyone argue or fight at the party, and he did not see anyone
with a weapon. At one point, Aaron stood outside near the corner of the house with
some friends, drinking and talking. He later saw Wayland come outside with Perez.
Wayland told Aaron that they were going to Perez’s car to get a liquor bottle from
the trunk. Aaron stayed near the corner of the house, and then he heard six or seven
gunshots and saw “some fire in the sky.” Aaron could tell that the gunshots were
coming from the front of the parking lot next to the house, but he could not see
anything else concerning the shooter. Aaron found his younger brother Brian, who
was inside the house and got him away from the scene, and he then discovered
Wayland lying on the ground in the parking lot, unresponsive and not breathing.
Aaron stayed with Wayland until EMS arrived at the scene.
B. The Police Investigation
Houston Police Department (“HPD”) Officer J. Butler, with the Crime Scene
Unit, processed the scene of the shooting for evidence. The trial court admitted
numerous photographs of the scene and the scene diagram that Officer Butler had
prepared, which indicated that the house was located directly north of a small
parking lot, with the gate that the partygoers used to enter the party along the north
border of the parking lot. A warehouse and another building were located along the
south and west borders of the parking lot, and Nyoka Street was to the east. Several
4
cars were present in the parking lot when Officer Butler arrived at the scene after the
shooting, including a white van, which was parked in the middle of the parking lot
almost directly south of the gate to the house.
Officer Butler recovered one fired cartridge casing located in the parking lot
at the rear of the van. This was the only casing Officer Butler recovered from the
scene. He agreed with the prosecutor that if someone had fired a semiautomatic
weapon from inside a car parked in the parking lot, he would not expect to see any
cartridge casings located outside of the vehicle. Officer Butler also observed a bullet
strike on the driver’s side door of the van, which faced the interior of the parking lot.
He stated that it appeared from this strike that the bullet traveled in a south-to-north
direction. There were also two large bloodstains located the scene—one on the front
porch next to the front door to the house and the other in the parking lot by the hood
of the van—and a trail of blood led north-to-south from the house into the parking
lot.
HPD Investigator M. Coleman and his partner, Sergeant Odum, arrived at
Nyoka Street a little after two o’clock in the morning on January 5. The business
that bordered the parking lot had multiple security cameras located in different
positions that faced into the parking lot, and Investigator Coleman reviewed the
surveillance footage. The cameras did not record the full sequence of events that
occurred on the night of the shooting because they operated on a “motion system,”
5
and the cameras did not record unless a certain amount of motion occurred within
view. The trial court admitted still photographs from the surveillance footage, as
well as the surveillance videos themselves.
The surveillance footage depicted a car driving north on Nyoka Street at 12:51
a.m., turning around in a different parking lot, and driving back to the parking lot
located just south of the house at 12:53 a.m. The surveillance footage showed the
white van that Officer Butler photographed with three cars parked to the left of it in
the parking lot. The car that was of interest to Investigator Coleman turned around
in the parking lot and parked behind the cars parked to the left of the van. The
subject car turned off its lights. At 1:01 a.m., the surveillance video showed “some
flashes of light” and “people gathered and ducking down and darting different
directions” as the car pulled out of the parking lot with its headlights on and quickly
drove south down Nyoka Street. Investigator Coleman could tell from the
surveillance footage that the car was occupied by the driver and a front-seat
passenger. He could not identify the license plate number of this car.
HPD Detective D. Arnold and his partner, Sergeant C. Sturdivant, began
investigating the case on January 6, 2014, two days after the shooting occurred.
Detective Arnold received a tip of two names—Randy and Evelyn—and began
researching the case. During his research, he learned that the car that appeared in
the surveillance footage was a 2006 Nissan Maxima owned by appellant. On
6
January 12, 2014, HPD Officer S. Borak conducted a traffic stop on a Nissan
Maxima a little before 3:00 a.m. Appellant was driving this vehicle, and the
occupants included Randy Larios and Evelyn Rodriguez. Officer Borak detained
appellant and took him to the Homicide Division.
Detective Arnold and Sergeant Sturdivant interviewed appellant later that day.
The trial court admitted an audio recording of this interview. In the interview,
appellant admitted attending the house party on Nyoka Street around 9:30 with
several people, including Randy Larios. The group left the party and returned to
appellant’s house. A few hours later, Larios asked appellant for a favor—to drive
back to Nyoka Street with Larios and pick up Larios’s girlfriend, who was still at the
party. Appellant told the detectives that, when they arrived back at the party and
were waiting for Larios’s girlfriend, they saw someone walking in between cars, and
Larios told him to roll down the driver’s side window, which appellant did. Larios,
who was sitting in the front passenger seat, then pulled out a gun from a pocket and
started shooting.2 Appellant stated that Larios knew the person walking in between
cars—saying to appellant, “He’s coming”—but he did not tell appellant who this
person was. When asked if Larios said why he wanted to shoot this person, appellant
2
The State tried Larios for his role in the shooting before appellant’s trial, and a jury
convicted Larios of murder. The Fourteenth Court of Appeals affirmed Larios’s
conviction. See Larios v. State, No. 14-15-00996-CR, 2017 WL 2292507 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 25, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication).
7
stated, “I guess because they got into some shooting like awhile ago, with the same
guy, I think, at another party.” Appellant stated that this other incident occurred
around two months before the shooting on Nyoka Street. Appellant knew that Larios
had carried a weapon with him before.
Appellant stated to the detectives that, after the shooting, he quickly drove
away from the scene because he was scared and did not want Larios to shoot him as
well. Appellant again stated that he believed they went back to the party to pick up
Larios’s girlfriend, and he thought that Larios did not tell him the real reason why
he wanted to go back because appellant would not agree to take him if appellant
knew there would be a shooting. Appellant stated that he took his car to be washed
after the shooting, and he denied seeing any fired cartridge casings in his car. The
detectives showed appellant screen shots from the surveillance footage, and
appellant wrote on these pictures, “This is my Nissan Maxima 2006.”
After his interview, appellant took the detectives to his house, which was
located in the same part of Houston as Nyoka Street. Appellant’s mother brought
the detectives a .40 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol, and Evelyn Rodriguez brought
them five fired shell casings contained in a glass bottle. Detective Arnold submitted
this evidence for ballistics testing.
Kim Downs, a firearms examiner with the Houston Forensic Science Center,
examined the weapon recovered from appellant’s house, the fired cartridge casings
8
recovered from appellant’s house, the fired cartridge casing recovered from the
scene, and a bullet recovered from Clark’s body during his autopsy. Downs testified
that all of the cartridge casings and bullets recovered and tested in this case were
fired from the .40 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol obtained from appellant’s house.
C. Evidence Concerning Gang Activity
Throughout the trial, multiple witnesses testified concerning gang activity and
the gang affiliation of several individuals involved in the shooting incident.
Investigator Coleman testified that after he and his partner viewed the
surveillance footage of the scene, they determined that some of the individuals
involved were gang members, so they turned the investigation over to a special unit
within the HPD Homicide Division that handles gang-related murders. Detective
Arnold testified that, in 2014, he was part of the “gang squad” within the Homicide
Division and that he began investigating this case after the initial investigators
“determined it was a gang-related episode.” In addition to the names of Randy and
Evelyn, Detective Arnold also received the name of a gang—SB13—in a tip, and he
used HPD’s Gang Tracker database to search for further information related to these
names and related to the car depicted in the surveillance footage. Consulting the
Gang Tracker led Detective Arnold to a 2006 Nissan Maxima, owned by appellant,
that was “tied to that SB13 gang.” Defense counsel did not object to any of this
testimony.
9
Perez testified, without objection, that at the time of the incident in 2014, he
had been affiliated with the SB13 gang and, before that, with the 52 Hoover Crips.
On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Perez concerning when and how
he had become unaffiliated with a gang. Defense counsel also asked Perez if gang
members had attended the house party, and Perez stated that they had.
Before the second day of testimony, the prosecutor stated to the trial court that
he wished to proffer evidence that appellant was affiliated with a gang “for the sake
of motive and intent” and also to show “the existence of a conspiracy” with Larios.
The State argued that the motive for the shooting of Clark was “gang retaliation,”
pointing out that appellant had told the detectives in his interview that Clark and
Larios had been involved in a prior shooting and that the jury had already heard
testimony concerning gang activity and affiliation. Appellant objected, arguing that
no evidence had been presented raising gang retaliation as a motive, that gang
affiliation should not be used “for purposes of motive, intent, or identity,” and that
the evidence was more prejudicial than probative. The trial court overruled
appellant’s objections and allowed the State to elicit testimony that appellant and
Larios were in the same gang, a gang that was a rival to Clark’s gang.
Sergeant Sturdivant testified that he and Detective Arnold were assigned the
case because of the “gang nexus” associated with the shooting. He stated that they
developed Randy Larios and appellant as suspects and that appellant was developed
10
as a suspect after they discovered a vehicle “associated with several offense reports
that were associated with a tip” they had received. He testified that appellant was a
“documented Spring Branch 13 gang member” and that Larios was a member of the
same gang.
Officer Borak testified that his current assignment was to patrol the Spring
Branch portion of Houston, but before that, he was assigned to the gang division,
where he worked to identify and document gang members. He testified that this is
primarily accomplished through “self-admission” by gang members when officers
encounter these individuals. Officer Borak stated that he is familiar with the SB13
and the 52 Hoover Crips gangs, and these gangs do not get along. Aaron Clark
testified that both he and Wayland were affiliated with the 52 Crips gang. He did
not have any knowledge about whether Perez was affiliated with a gang.
The charge included an instruction on the law of parties. The jury found
appellant guilty of the offense of murder and assessed his punishment at fifty years’
confinement. This appeal followed.
Sufficiency of Evidence
In his first issue, appellant contends that the State failed to present sufficient
evidence that he committed murder under the law of parties.
11
A. Standard of Review
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view all of the evidence
in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational fact finder
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,
99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Griffin v.
State,
491 S.W.3d 771, 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). The jurors are the exclusive
judges of the facts and the weight to be given to the testimony. Bartlett v. State,
270
S.W.3d 147, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The jury, as the sole judge of credibility,
may accept one version of the facts and reject another, and it may reject any part of
a witness’s testimony. See Sharp v. State,
707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986); Rivera v. State,
507 S.W.3d 844, 853–54 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2016, pet. ref’d).
We may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence or substitute
our judgment for that of the fact finder. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Leroy v. State,
512 S.W.3d 540, 543 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.). We give great deference to the jury’s credibility
determinations. Gardner v. State,
306 S.W.3d 274, 285 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
We resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence in favor of the verdict. Curry v.
State,
30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Murray v. State,
457
S.W.3d 446, 448–49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (“When the record supports conflicting
12
inferences, we presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the
verdict, and we defer to that determination.”). Circumstantial evidence is as
probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt, and circumstantial evidence alone
can be sufficient to establish guilt. Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 359 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013) (quoting Hooper v. State,
214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
“Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as
long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to
support the conviction.” Hooper,
214 S.W.3d at 13.
B. Murder Under Law of Parties
A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or knowingly
causes the death of an individual or if he intends to cause serious bodily injury and
commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1)–(2) (West 2011). A person is criminally
responsible as a party to the offense “if the offense is committed by his own conduct,
by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or both.” Id.
§ 7.01(a) (West 2011). A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed
by the conduct of another person if, acting with intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid
the other person to commit the offense. Id. § 7.02(a)(2) (West 2011); Gross v. State,
380 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Thus, to establish that appellant
13
committed the offense of murder under the law of parties, the State had to prove that
appellant, with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the murder of Clark,
solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid Larios in commiting the
offense.
To determine whether a person is a party to an offense, we may look to events
“before, during, and after the commission of the offense.” Gross, 380 S.W.3d at 186
(quoting Wygal v. State,
555 S.W.2d 465, 468–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). We may
rely on circumstantial evidence to prove status as a party, but “[t]here must be
sufficient evidence of an understanding and common design to commit the offense.”
Id. (citing Guevara v. State,
152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). Each fact
need not point directly to the guilt of the defendant as long as the cumulative effect
of the facts is sufficient to support the conviction under the law of parties.
Id. Mere
presence at the scene of a crime, or even flight from the scene, without more, is
insufficient to support a conviction as a party to the offense.
Id. Evidence is
sufficient to convict under the law of parties “when the defendant is physically
present at the commission of the offense and encourages its commission by acts,
words, or other agreement.” Wooden v. State,
101 S.W.3d 542, 546 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d).
“To establish guilt under the law of parties, the evidence must show that, at
the time of the offense, the parties were acting together, each contributing some part
14
towards the execution of their common purpose.” Nelson v. State, 405 S.W.3d 113,
123 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d); see Gross v. State,
352
S.W.3d 238, 243 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011) (stating that “‘acting
together’ need not rise to the level of agreement,” but parties “must be acting
together to accomplish their common purpose”), aff’d,
380 S.W.3d 181 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012); Barnes v. State,
62 S.W.3d 288, 297 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet.
ref’d) (“While an agreement of the parties to act together in a common design seldom
can be proved by direct evidence, reliance may be had on the actions of the parties,
showing by either direct or circumstantial evidence, an understanding and common
design to do a certain act.”).
Courts have repeatedly upheld convictions under the law of parties when the
evidence establishes that the defendant participated in the commission of the offense
by driving the getaway vehicle. See Williams v. State, 473 S.W.3d 319, 325–28
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d); Hooper v. State,
255 S.W.3d
262, 266 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d); Webber v. State,
757 S.W.2d 51, 55–
56 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d); see also Thompson v. State,
697 S.W.2d 413, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (“This Court has sustained convictions
where the evidence established that the defendant participated in the commission of
the offense by driving the get-away vehicle”), overruled on other grounds by Ex
parte Patterson,
969 S.W.2d 16 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
15
Appellant argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that, with
the intent to promote or assist in the offense, he solicited, aided, encouraged, or
directed Larios to commit the offense of murder. He argues that there is no evidence
that he knew, before the shooting occurred, that Larios was armed or that Larios
intended to shoot Clark, and he further argues that any aid or assistance that he
provided to Larios occurred only after the shooting. He also argues that using his
actions in parking his car in the parking lot when he returned with Larios to the party
as evidence of wrongful intent is “suggestion and speculation” and that this evidence
is not sufficient to sustain his conviction. Appellant also cites the Fourteenth Court
of Appeals’ opinion rendering a judgment of acquittal in Gross v. State, a decision
that was affirmed by the Court of Criminal Appeals, as support for his contention
that his mere presence as the getaway driver and his possession of the murder
weapon after the shooting of Clark was insufficient to establish his guilt under the
law of parties. We disagree with appellant and conclude that Gross is factually
distinguishable.
In Gross, the defendant was driving his brother-in-law home when the
defendant and another driver he did not know, the complainant, got into a verbal
altercation at a red light. 380 S.W.3d at 183. The defendant and the complainant
both pulled over into a gas station parking lot, stepped out of their respective
vehicles, and continued arguing.
Id. Approximately one minute later, the
16
defendant’s brother-in-law got out of the defendant’s truck carrying a shotgun that
had been stored in the truck. Id. The complainant ran toward the convenience store
and the defendant shouted, “No, no,” but the defendant’s brother-in-law shot and
killed the complainant.
Id. The defendant panicked and fled the scene with his
brother-in-law and the gun, and he dropped his brother-in-law, who took the gun
with him, off at his grandmother’s house.
Id. at 183–84. The defendant denied
involvement in the shooting when questioned by the police.
Id. at 184.
Both the Fourteenth Court of Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals held
that the defendant’s actions were insufficient to support his conviction for murder
under the law of parties. See id. at 186, 188–89. The Court of Criminal Appeals
noted that the defendant’s post-offense conduct, which included driving the getaway
car from the scene, was “relevant” but could not “stand alone.”
Id. at 188. The court
stated that “[t]he evidence does not indicate that [Gross] anticipated that [his brother-
in-law] would shoot” the complainant and that “there is no evidence that [Gross]
assisted or encouraged [his brother-in-law] to kill” the complainant.
Id. The court
held that any inference that the defendant and his brother-in-law decided to kill the
complainant while driving from the red light to the gas station was based on
speculation, not on evidence presented at trial.
Id.
Here, the State presented evidence that the house party on Nyoka Street was
well-attended with gang members present, including several of the people involved
17
in the shooting. The complainant, Wayland Clark, his brother, Aaron Clark, and
their friend, Nicholas Perez, were all affiliated with the 52 Hoover Crips, whereas
appellant and the shooter, Randy Larios, were both affiliated with SB13. The State
presented evidence that these gangs are rivals and that they do not get along. The
State also presented evidence, in appellant’s recorded statement to the investigating
detectives, that appellant was aware that Larios and Clark had had a prior altercation
that involved gunfire at another party. Appellant was aware of this prior incident,
he was aware that Larios owned a weapon, and he admitted being at the Nyoka Street
party that Clark also attended.
In his recorded statement, appellant admitted returning to the Nyoka Street
party at Larios’s behest. Appellant told the detectives that Larios requested that
appellant drive him back to the party so they could pick up Larios’s girlfriend.
However, surveillance footage of the scene showed appellant’s car driving past the
house at 12:51 a.m. Over the next two minutes, appellant turned around in another
parking lot, drove back to the parking lot directly south of the house, parked behind
several cars with almost a direct line of sight from appellant’s vehicle to the gate
leading to the house, and turned off the car’s lights. Appellant and Larios then
waited in the car for eight minutes. Neither of them went inside the house to search
for Larios’s girlfriend, and no one walked out to their car. At 1:01 a.m., when Clark
and Perez started walking to Perez’s car, Larios told appellant to roll down his
18
window, which appellant did, and Larios fired at least five shots out the driver’s side
window, striking several people and killing Clark. Appellant then quickly left the
scene and drove back to his house. Appellant later washed his car, and he kept the
murder weapon and the five fired cartridge casings at his house.
We agree with the State that the evidence here demonstrates more than
appellant’s mere presence at or flight from the scene. See Gross, 380 S.W.3d at 186.
Although appellant offered an innocent explanation for his second trip to Nyoka
Street that evening, it was within the province of the jury to consider this explanation
in light of the other evidence—including appellant’s knowledge that Larios and
Clark had had a prior altercation involving gunfire; the fact that appellant and Larios
were in a rival gang from Clark; appellant’s knowledge that Larios had a history of
carrying a gun; the fact that appellant and Larios waited in appellant’s car with the
lights off over eight minutes and never went into the house to find Larios’s girlfriend,
despite that being the ostensible reason for why they had returned to the party;
appellant’s rolling down his window at Larios’s request when Larios saw Clark; and
appellant’s immediate flight from the scene after the shooting—and to discard
appellant’s explanation as lacking in credibility. See Rivera, 507 S.W.3d at 853–54
(stating that jury is sole judge of credibility and may reject all or any part of witness’s
testimony).
19
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, as we must,
we conclude that a rational jury could have determined, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that, at the time of the offense, appellant and Larios were “acting together, each
contributing some part towards the execution of their common purpose.” See
Nelson, 405 S.W.3d at 123; see also Gross,
380 S.W.3d at 186 (stating that we may
look to events occurring “before, during, and after the commission of the offense”
to determine if there was “sufficient evidence of an understanding and common
design to commit the offense”). We hold that the State presented sufficient evidence
that appellant was guilty of the offense of murder under the law of parties.
We overrule appellant’s first issue.
Admission of Evidence
In his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion
in admitting evidence concerning gang activity and appellant’s gang affiliation
during the guilt-innocence phase of trial.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse
of discretion. Bowley v. State, 310 S.W.3d 431, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We
will not reverse unless the record shows a clear abuse of discretion. Zuliani v. State,
97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). A trial court abuses its discretion only
20
when the court’s decision was so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone within
which reasonable persons might disagree. Id.
Texas Rule of Evidence 401 provides that evidence is relevant if it has any
tendency to make a fact of consequence more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 401. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other bad
act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that, on a
particular occasion, the person acted in conformity with that character, although this
evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or
lack of accident. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). “[G]ang membership is highly inflammatory
character evidence likely to cause an individual to be convicted for being a bad
person apart from sufficient indicia of guilt regarding this particular crime.” Galvez
v. State, 962 S.W.2d 203, 206 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. ref’d). However,
evidence of gang membership is admissible during the guilt-innocence phase to
show bias, motive, or intent, or to refute a defensive theory. See Smith v. State,
355
S.W.3d 138, 154 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d); see also Vasquez
v. State,
67 S.W.3d 229, 239–40 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (stating that “gang-
affiliation is relevant to show a motive for a gang-related crime”); Tibbs v. State,
125 S.W.3d 84, 89 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d) (holding that
21
evidence of gang membership is admissible “if it is relevant to show a non-character
purpose that in turn tends to show commission of the crime”).
The trial court may exclude otherwise relevant evidence if its probative value
is substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,
misleading the jury, undue delay, or the needless presentation of cumulative
evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 403. When conducting a Rule 403 analysis, the trial court
should balance:
(1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence along
with (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency
of the evidence to suggest [a] decision on an improper basis, (4) any
tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main
issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by a
jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the
evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will
consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence
already admitted.
Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). A trial
court’s decision not to exclude evidence, based on a finding that the danger of unfair
prejudice does not outweigh the evidence’s probative value, is entitled to deference.
See Wilson v. State,
473 S.W.3d 889, 900 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015,
pet. ref’d) (quoting Moses v. State,
105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)).
B. Whether Trial Court Erroneously Admitted Evidence of Gang Activity
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence concerning
gang activity and affiliation from three witnesses. Specifically, he challenges the
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trial court’s rulings allowing Sergeant Sturdivant to testify that appellant and Larios
were documented members of the Spring Branch 13 gang, allowing Officer Borak
to testify that he is familiar with both SB13 and the 52 Hoover Crips and that these
two gangs do not get along, and allowing Aaron Clark to testify that Wayland Clark
was a member of the 52 Hoover Crips. Appellant argues that there was no evidence
that the shooting of Clark “was committed for the gang’s benefit” or that there was
any link between appellant’s gang membership and Clark’s shooting.
As noted above, “[c]ourts have found gang evidence admissible when it has
some underlying value to show motive to commit the charged offense.” Jackson v.
State, 314 S.W.3d 118, 128 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.).
“Evidence showing motive to commit murder is a significant circumstance
indicating guilt, and it is therefore relevant and admissible.” Lopez v. State,
200
S.W.3d 246, 251 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). Here, the
State’s theory of the case was that Larios murdered Clark, a member of a rival gang,
because they had previously been involved in an altercation involving gunfire at
another party two months prior to Clark’s death and that appellant, who was a
member of the same gang as Larios, assisted him by driving Larios back to the house
party. Appellant stated in his recorded interview that he was aware of the prior
incident between Larios and Clark.
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Contrary to appellant’s assertion, for the evidence of gang activity and
affiliation to be admissible, the State was not required to demonstrate that the
shooting of Clark or Larios’s prior altercation with Clark “were committed at the
direction of anyone involved in SB13, or that [the shooting] was committed for the
gang’s benefit.” Instead, gang evidence is admissible “when it has some underlying
value to show motive to commit the charged offense.” Jackson, 314 S.W.3d at 128;
Tibbs,
125 S.W.3d at 89 (stating that gang evidence is admissible “if it is relevant to
show a non-character purpose that in turn tends to show commission of the crime”);
see also TEX. R. EVID. 401 (providing that evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency
to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence” and “the
fact is of consequence in determining the action”). The only evidence of motive that
the State presented at trial was that appellant and Larios were members of the SB13
gang, that Clark was a member of the 52 Hoover Crips gang, that these gangs were
rivals and did not get along, and that Larios had had a prior altercation with Clark
that had involved gunfire. Evidence that the shooter, Larios, and the driver,
appellant, were members of rival gang from the deceased, Clark, and that Larios and
Clark had a history involving a prior altercation helped explain Larios and
appellant’s actions and provided evidence of motive. See Jackson,
314 S.W.3d at
128; Lopez,
200 S.W.3d at 251. We therefore conclude that evidence of gang
activity and affiliation was relevant. See TEX. R. EVID. 401; Smith,
355 S.W.3d at
24
154 (holding that evidence of gang membership is admissible during guilt-innocence
phase to show motive).
Appellant also contends that the prejudicial effect of this evidence
substantially outweighed its probative value, in violation of Rule 403. However, as
we have discussed, the evidence of appellant’s, Larios’s, and Clark’s gang affiliation
provided the only evidence of motive for the shooting, and therefore the evidence
had strong probative force and the State had great need of the evidence. See
Gigliobianco, 210 S.W.3d at 641. Although motive is not an essential element of
the offense, it is “a significant circumstance indicating guilt, and it is therefore
relevant and admissible.” Lopez,
200 S.W.3d at 251; see Guevara,
152 S.W.3d at
50. This evidence relevant to motive, therefore, would not have a strong tendency
to confuse the jury or distract it from the main issue in the case—whether appellant
acted as a party to Larios’s shooting of Clark.
Moreover, evidence concerning gang activity had already been admitted in
the trial, without objection, before defense counsel objected to evidence of
appellant’s and Clark’s gang affiliation. Nicholas Perez testified that he had been
affiliated with the 52 Hoover Crips at the time of the shooting in 2014, and he also
testified, in response to a question from defense counsel, that gang members were
present at the house party on Nyoka Street. Investigator Coleman and Detective
Arnold both testified that the general HPD Homicide Division handled the
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investigation of Clark’s shooting before passing the case off to the specialized “gang
squad” in the Homicide Division once the detectives determined that the shooting
was related to gang activity. Detective Arnold also testified to his use of HPD’s
Gang Tracker database to help him develop a tip that he had received, and he testified
that the Gang Tracker led him to a 2006 Nissan Maxima that was “tied to that SB13
gang” and that was owned by appellant and seen in the surveillance footage of the
scene just before and after the shooting.
Evidence of appellant’s and Clark’s gang affiliations took little time to
develop, with Sergeant Sturdivant briefly testifying that appellant and Larios were
both affiliated with Spring Branch 13, Aaron Clark briefly stating that Wayland
Clark was affiliated with the 52 Hoover Crips, and Officer Borak briefly testifying
that he was familiar with both Spring Branch 13 and the 52 Hoover Crips and the
gangs did not get along. The State did not elicit any testimony concerning the
general bad character of the gangs or the types of criminal activities that members
of the gangs generally committed. Thus, we cannot conclude that the evidence of
appellant’s and Clark’s gang affiliations was unfairly prejudicial. See Maldonado v.
State, 452 S.W.3d 898, 904 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, no pet.) (“Rule 403 does
not mandate the exclusion of all prejudicial evidence; rather, its narrow focus is on
that evidence with the potential for unfair prejudice.”) (emphasis in original).
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We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
determined that the prejudicial effect of the evidence of appellant’s and Clark’s gang
affiliations did not substantially outweigh the probative value of this evidence. We
hold that the trial court did not violate Rule 403 in admitting this evidence.
We overrule appellant’s second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Evelyn V. Keyes
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Brown, and Lloyd.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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