540 P2D 949 - State v. Kazda

CROCKETT, Justice:

¶1Dennis G. Kazda seeks reversal of his jury conviction of theft, a third-degree felony,1 for removing building materials from a house under construction in Sandy City, Salt Lake County. The sole assignment of error is that the prosecutor preju-dicially commented in his closing argument concerning the defendant’s failure to testify at trial.

¶2The defendant was found late at night in the construction site where building materials were stolen. At trial, he did not testify in his own defense; nor produce any witnesses to explain his presence in the area; nor did he present any other witness or evidence to explain his presence in that area. The matter he complains of is that during the prosecutor’s argument to the jury, he stated that: “The defense has presented no evidence as to why the defendant was out there. What was he doing out there ?”

¶3Defense counsel objected to this remark and moved for a mistrial. The motion was denied and the court admonished the jury to disregard the statement by the prosecu*951tor and reminded them that counsel’s statements are not evidence. He further directed the jury to follow the instructions previously given concerning the defendant’s privilege of not testifying; and that they should draw no inferences as to his guilt therefrom. It is also shown that the prosecutor had himself reminded the jury of that instruction; and that defense counsel re-emphasized this principle in his argument.

¶4It is not to be doubted that the right of a defendant not to testify in a criminal trial is a fundamental right protected by both the federal and the Utah Constitutions.2 Its exercise should in no way prejudice him in the eyes of the court or jury.3 He need give no reason; and there should be no concern as to his reason for not testifying.4 The simple and immutable fact is, that for what we accept as good and sufficient reasons, the privilege has been long established that comments concerning an accused’s failure to testify, however, adroitly disguised, may have the effect of impairing or destroying the privilege; and that this should not be done.5

¶5The other side of this proposition is: that the prosecutor, and the public, whose interest he represents, should and does have a right to argue the case upon the basis of the total picture shown by the evidence or the lack thereof. If either counsel cannot voice a challenge to the effect of the total evidence, then one is made to wonder, what may he talk about? It is our opinion that it is not only the prerogative, but the duty of either counsel, to analyze all aspects of the evidence; and this should include any pertinent statements or deductions reasonably to be drawn therefrom as to what the evidence is or is not, and what it does or does not show. The prosecutor’s comment under scrutiny here falls within the principle just stated; and he made no direct reference to the fact that the defendant had not taken the stand.

¶6This problem has arisen in sister states who have ruled that statements of the nature here involved are legitimate comments on what the total evidence does or does not show, and are not violative of the constitutional right defendant asserts.6

¶7There is another consideration supportive of our conclusion that there was no prejudicial error here. Defendant makes no contention or even suggestion concerning his innocence. His argument falls in the pattern which has become so usual in criminal cases in recent times: that there was an irregularity or error in the proceedings. We are under the mandate of our statute;7 and of well established deci-sional law8 that we should not reverse a conviction for mere error or irregularity (neither of which exists here) but would do so only if there were error which had a substantial effect upon the defendant’s right to a fair trial in that in the absence of the error there is reasonable likelihood that there would have been a different result.9

¶8 *952If it be assumed that there is any possibility that the prosecutor’s comment complained of was prejudicial to the defendant, this was rectified insofar as that possibly could be done, even on a retrial, by the timely reiteration of the correct principles by the court, reinforced by the arguments of both counsel. We think the defendant has shown no error, and more particularly, none that should be considered as prejudicial and depriving him of a fair trial.

¶9Affirmed. No costs awarded.

HENRIOD, C. J., concurs.ELLETT, J., concurs except in the statement that the Federal Constitution gives a defendant in a state court the right not to testify.

¶10. See. 76-6404, U.C.A.1953 (Supp.), defines theft and Sec. 76-6412(1) (b) (i) provides that theft is: (b) a felony of the third degree if: (i) the value of the property or services is more than $100 but not more than $1,000. (Now amended by S.L.U.1974, Ch. 32, See. 18, to provide $250 to $1,000.)

¶11. Utah Const. Art. I, Sec. 12; U.S.Const., Amendment V.

¶12. See See. 77-44-5, Utah Code Ann.1953; and cf. 18 U.S.C.A., Sec. 3481.

¶13. Though no reason need be given, it is sometimes said that a defendant may have reasons other than his fear of exposure of criminal conduct or criminal record for choosing not to testify, such as, e. g., nervousness or timidity, or physical fraility or infirmity, or illness, or other reasons personal to himself. See Wilson v. United States, 149 U.S. 60, 13 S.Ct. 765, 37 L.Ed. 650 (1893).

¶14. Cf. State v. Brown, 14 Utah 2d 324, 383 P.2d 930 (1963); State v. Brown, 16 Utah 2d 57, 395 P.2d 727 (1964).

¶15. See Newell v. Slayton, 468 F.2d 888 (4th Cir.1972); State v. Acosta, 101 Ariz. 127, 416 P.2d 560 (1966).

¶16. Sec. 77-42-1, Utah Code Ann.1953.

¶17. State v. Johnson, 25 Utah 2d 160, 478 P.2d 491 (1970).

¶18. That no reversal is justified where it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that any error was harmless see Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705; Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 89 S.Ct. 1726, 23 L.Ed.2d 284; State v. Soandrett, 24 Utah 2d 202, 468 P.2d 639.

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