General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v. Cline’s Empirical Analysis
2004
Citation profile
350 federal appellate · 60 district · 37 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 724 later decisions (31 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2024 · most notably Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. (2009), United States v. Santos (2008)
350 federal appellate · 60 district · 37 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedCline v. General Dynamics Land System, Inc. (from Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 26 U.S.C. § 401 (Self-Employed Individuals Tax Retirement Act of 1962) · 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (§ 3 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) · 29 U.S.C. § 621 (§ 2 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967) · 29 U.S.C. § 623 (§ 4 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967) · 29 U.S.C. § 628 (§ 9 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967) · 29 U.S.C. § 630 (§ 11 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967) · 29 U.S.C. § 631 (§ 12 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. · Skidmore v. Swift & Co. · Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Cardoza-Fonseca · United States v. Mead Corp. · Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 724 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the cardinal rule that statutory language must be read in context [because] a phrase gathers meaning from the words around it.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage“[T]he presumption is not rigid and readily yields whenever there is such variation in the connection in which the words are used as reasonably to warrant the conclusion that they were employed . . . with different intent.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“the text, structure, purpose, and history”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.