United States v. Carriger’s Empirical Analysis
541 F.2d 545 · 1976
Citation profile
44 federal appellate · 7 district · 27 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 99 later decisions — most recently July 2025 · most notably United States v. Salgado (2001), United States v. Reed (1978)
44 federal appellate · 7 district · 27 state decisions — followed in 22 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 878 (§ 508 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Katz v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio · Johnson v. United States · Weeks v. United States · United States v. Watson
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 99 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"We cannot agree with the district court that McDonald may be distinguished upon the basis that it proscribed a forcible entry into an apartment building while the entry here was peaceable. Whether the officer entered forcibly through a landlady's window or by guile through a normally locked entrance door, there can be no difference in the tenant's subjective expectation of privacy, and no difference in the degree of privacy that the Fourth Amendment protects. A tenant expects other tenants and invited guests to enter in the common areas of the building, but he does not except trespassers."”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[W]e join the First, Second, and Eighth Circuits which have rejected [ Carriger's ] rationale and held an apartment dweller has no reasonable expectation of privacy in the common areas of the building whether the officer trespasses or not.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“an officer enters a locked building, without authority or invitation, the evidence gained as a result of his presence in the common areas of the building must be suppressed.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.