Gray v. Bell’s Empirical Analysis
1982
Citation profile
3 federal appellate · 2 district ·
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 241 (Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996) · 28 U.S.C. § 2671 · 28 U.S.C. § 2680 · 28 U.S.C. § 547
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Imbler v. Pachtman · United States v. Calandra · Costello v. United States · Kissinger v. Halperin
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 10 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'[I]nvestigative or law enforcement officer' means any officer of the United States who is empowered by law to execute searches, to seize evidence, or to make arrests for violations of Federal law.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Assuming that defendants did owe Gray a duty under the Fifth Amendment to conduct a careful, thorough pre-indictment investigation, that duty was not clearly established at the time of their actions.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Gray III v. Bell“duty under the Fifth Amendment to conduct a careful, thorough pre-indictment investigation ... was not clearly established at the time of [the Government's alleged] actions.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Gray III v. Bell
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.