Fulton v. Hecht’s Empirical Analysis
545 F.2d 540 · 1977
Citation profile
20 federal appellate · 1 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 43 later decisions — most recently July 2008 · most notably Fitzgerald v. Mountain Laurel Racing, Inc. (1979), Fulton v. Hecht (1978)
20 federal appellate · 1 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co. · Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority · Shelley v. Kraemer · Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis · Public Utilities Commission v. Pollak
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 43 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]he proof must show significant state involvement in order to bring an otherwise private concern within the ambit of the Fourteenth Amendment. . . . The protective armor of the Fourteenth Amendment invoked under § 1983 is activated to prevent deprivation of rights secured by the Constitution and laws only when state action or action taken under state law is present.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“[e]ven though the regulation might be extensive, it cannot, in any realistic sense, make the State a partner in the endeavors of the Kennel Club.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“a heavily regulated [business] with at least something of a governmentally protected monopoly will more readily be found to be `state' acts than will the acts of an entity lacking these characteristics.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. Crissman
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.