United States v. City of Chicago’s Empirical Analysis
549 F.2d 415 · 1977
Citation profile
105 federal appellate · 13 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 193 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently November 2006 · most notably Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers' International Ass'n v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1986), James v. Stockham Valves & Fittings Co. (1977)
105 federal appellate · 13 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1331 · 28 U.S.C. § 1343 · 31 U.S.C. § 321 · 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000D · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Younger v. Harris · Monroe v. Pape · Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody · Washington v. Davis
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 193 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““... the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing mandatory quotas upon the Police Department. Under Title VII Congress has equipped the courts with wide discretionary power to remedy statutory violations by fashioning the most complete relief possible. See 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-5(g); Franks v. Bowman Transp. Co., 424 U.S. 747, 763-64 , 96 S.Ct. 1251 , 47 L.Ed.2d 444 (1976); Albemarle, 422 U.S. at 421 , 95 S.Ct. 2362 . The district court had a duty to construct a remedy that would both eradicate as far as possible the past effects of discrimination and prevent discrimination in the future. Albemarle, 422 U.S. at 417-18 , 95 S.Ct. 2362 . Moreover, even though Title VII did not become applicable to the City until 1972, the court had an obligation to correct the present consequences of discriminatory conduct that occurred before that date. Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., 444 F.2d 791, 795 (4th Cir.), cert. dismissed, 404 U.S. 1006 , 92 S.Ct. 573 , 30 L.Ed.2d 655 (1971); Local 189, Papermakers v. United States, 416 F.2d 980 , 987-88 (5th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 919 , 90 S.Ct. 926 , 25 L.Ed.2d 100 (1971); Quarles v. Phillip Morris, Inc., 279 F.Supp. 505, 515-16 (E.D.Va.1968).”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““. . . the language, purpose, and legislative history of section 1981 differ substantially from those of section 1983. Unlike section 1983, which requires action under color of state law, section 1981, intended to enforce the thirteenth amendment, prohibits all racial discrimination which deprives any persons of the ‘full and equal benefit of all laws.’ Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160, 170 , 96 S.Ct. 2586, 2605 , 49 L.Ed.2d 415 (1976); Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 437-444 , 88 S.Ct. 2186 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1189 (1968). The exception from liability for municipalities that can be discerned from the legislative history of section 1983 is absent in the language or history of section 1981.” Id. at 425 .”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.