Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corporation’s Empirical Analysis
549 U.S. 561 · 2007
Citation profile
118 federal appellate · 43 district · 14 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 309 later decisions (4 by the Supreme Court) — most recently October 2025 · most notably 134 S. Ct. 2427 - Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA (2014), Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center (2013)
118 federal appellate · 43 district · 14 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 26 U.S.C. § 3101 (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) · 26 U.S.C. § 3301 (Federal Unemployment Tax Act) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 7409 · 42 U.S.C. § 7411 · 42 U.S.C. § 7470 · 42 U.S.C. § 7478 · 42 U.S.C. § 7479
Relies on Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. · Robinson v. Shell Oil Co. · Bragdon v. Abbott · Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States · Rowan Cos. v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 309 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“natural presumption that identical words used in different parts of the same act are intended to have the same meaning”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“any physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, a stationary source [of pollution] which increases the amount of any air pollutant emitted by such source or which results in the emission of any air pollutant not previously emitted.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““Major modification” means any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a major stationary source that would result in a significant net emissions increase of any pollutant subject to regulation under this Division 1200-3.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.