Commonwealth v. Toon’s Empirical Analysis
2002
Citation profile
42
cited by 42 later decisions
6
states following
April 2019
most recently cited
3 federal appellate · 39 state decisions
Relationships
Relies on Williams v. Florida · Commonwealth v. Latimore · Commonwealth v. Delgado · Commonwealth v. Cunneen · Commonwealth v. Harrington
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 42 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“availed himself of all proper means to avoid physical combat before resorting to the use of any force, deadly or nondeadly”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“"Where nondeadly force is used, a defendant is entitled to a self-defense instruction if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant * without regard to credibility, supports a reasonable doubt that (1) the defendant had reasonable concern for his personal safety; (2) he used all reasonable means to avoid physical combat; and (3) 'the degree of force used was reasonable in the circumstances, with proportionality being the touchstone for assessing reasonableness.' "”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“[v]iewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, his use of force did not involve a dangerous weapon and was not intended or likely to cause death.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.