Affirmed and Opinion filed July 10, 2018.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-17-00098-CR
MARC WAKEFIELD DUNHAM, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 6
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2109329
OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Marc Wakefield Dunham of a deceptive business
practice. See Tex. Penal Code § 32.42. The trial court assessed punishment at
confinement in jail for one year, plus a $4,000 fine. In two issues, appellant
contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction and that the jury
charge erroneously authorized a non-unanimous verdict. We affirm.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to
sustain his conviction for a deceptive business practice.
A. Standard of Review
In a sufficiency review, we must consider all of the evidence in the light
most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether, based on that evidence
and reasonable inferences therefrom, any rational juror could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Balderas v. State, 517
S.W.3d 756, 765–66 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). We defer to the jury’s responsibility
to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.
Id. at 766. The jury is the sole judge
of the credibility and weight to be attached to witness testimony, and we must
defer to the jury’s resolution of conflicting inferences that are supported by the
record. See
id. When a sufficiency review involves the meaning of undefined
statutory terms, such terms “are to be understood as ordinary use allows, and jurors
may thus freely read statutory language to have any meaning which is acceptable
in common parlance.” Clinton v. State,
354 S.W.3d 795, 800 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011) (quoting Vernon v. State,
841 S.W.2d 407, 409 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).
We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by “the elements of the offense
as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case.” Malik v. State,
953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A hypothetically correct jury charge
is one that (1) accurately sets out the law, (2) is authorized by the charging
instrument, (3) does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or
unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and (4) adequately describes
the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.
Id. A hypothetically
correct jury charge includes “the statutory elements of the offense . . . as modified
2
by the charging instrument.” Johnson v. State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 294 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012) (omission in original) (quoting Curry v. State,
30 S.W.3d 394, 404
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).
B. Charging Instrument and Statute
The State alleged by information as follows:
[I]n Harris County, Texas, MARC WAKEFIELD DUNHAM,
hereafter styled the Defendant, heretofore on or about JUNE 15, 2016,
did then and there unlawfully, in the course of business intentionally,
knowingly and recklessly represent that a commodity or service is of a
particular style, grade, or model if it was another, namely: by giving
the impression to . . . the Complainant that an alarm system was a
Central Security Group alarm system when it was actually a Capital
Connect alarm system, and/or intentionally, knowingly and recklessly
represent the price of property or service falsely or in a way tending to
mislead, namely by telling the Complainant that a new alarm system
installation would be free when such installation actually would
require her to sign a new contract at additional cost, and/or
intentionally, knowingly and recklessly make a materially false or
misleading statement in connection with the purchase or sale of
property or service, namely, by telling the Complainant that a new
alarm system installation would be free when such installation
actually would require her to sign a new contract at additional cost.
In relevant part, the statute provides:
(b) A person commits an offense if in the course of business he
intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence
commits one or more of the following deceptive business practices:
....
(7) representing that a commodity or service is of a particular
style, grade, or model if it is of another;
....
(9) representing the price of property or service falsely or in a
way tending to mislead;
. . . . or
3
(12) making a materially false or misleading statement:
....
(A) in an advertisement for the purchase or sale of
property or service; or
(B) otherwise in connection with the purchase or sale of
property or service.
Tex. Penal Code § 32.42(b). The definition of “business” includes “trade and
commerce and advertising, selling, and buying service or property.”
Id. § 32.42(a)(2).
C. The Evidence1
The complainant was about eighty years old at the time of the offense. She
had a home security alarm system monitored by Central Security Group. There was
a sign in the front of her yard with the name of the company on it.
Appellant was a door-to-door sales representative for Capital Connect, a
different home security alarm monitoring company. On the day of the offense,
appellant rang the complainant’s doorbell. When the complainant answered,
appellant pointed to the sign in the yard and said, “I’m here to update your
security.” He said that he would put a light on her sign and make it more visible
from the street. He did not say what company he worked for. He was not wearing a
uniform, nametag, or anything to identify what company he worked for.
1
When, as here, the charging instrument alleges alternative manner and means in the
conjunctive, then the proof of any one manner or means will support a guilty verdict. Lehman v.
State, 792 S.W.2d 82, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); see also Fuller v. State,
827 S.W.2d 919, 931
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (“It is well-settled that when a general verdict is returned and the
evidence is sufficient to support a finding of guilt under any of the paragraph allegations
submitted the verdict will be upheld.”). Because we ultimately hold that the evidence is legally
sufficient, we focus on the evidence relevant to the first of the State’s three allegations in the
information, i.e., representing that a commodity or service was of a particular style, grade, or
model when it was of another.
4
Believing that appellant worked for Central, the complainant invited
appellant into her home. Appellant told her that installation of new features, such
as wireless monitoring, would be “free.” Ultimately, the complainant signed a fiveyear alarm monitoring agreement with Capital at a higher monthly cost than her
previous service with Central.
The complainant testified that, before she signed the new contract, she “kept
telling him that I can’t do anything without my daughter’s approval” because the
daughter “tends to all of my business.” The complainant testified that she realized
appellant did not work for Central when he “presented the papers” to her. One of
the documents the complainant signed was an “alarm upgrade agreement.” The
complainant initialed next to the statement: “I understand that Capital Connect has
not bought, taken over or is in any way partnered with my current alarm
monitoring company.”
The complainant also spoke on the phone with a representative from Capital
while appellant was in her home, and a recording of the call was admitted as an
exhibit at trial. When the representative asked the complainant who she was paying
to monitor her alarm system, the complainant said, “Central.” The representative
asked whether the complainant was having a new alarm system installed because
the prior company was going out of business, had been taken over, or was no
longer able to perform monitoring services. The complainant responded, “No, I’m
just changing it up.” Later, they had the following exchange:
Representative: Do you understand that by accepting this offer you
will be changing alarm companies?
Complainant: That I will what?
Representative: You will be changing alarm companies.
Complainant: I’m not understanding you.
5
Representative: Capital Connect is a separate company from
Central and so I’m just verifying—
Complainant: Yes.
Representative: —that you understand that. Ok. Great. And you
understand that moving forward that you will no
longer be with Central and that your monitoring
and billing will be performed by Monotronix?
Complainant: Right.2
A few days later, the complainant canceled the new contract with Capital.
The State also introduced evidence regarding two additional instances when
appellant had misled customers about who he worked for. The first witness
testified that he was eighty years old at the time of trial. In July 2016, the witness
was returning home at about 8:00 p.m. when appellant walked up to the witness in
the driveway. Appellant had multiple “ID tags” or lanyards around his neck. The
tags had the names of several companies, including Honeywell, Stanley, and ADT.
Appellant told the witness, “I’d like to talk to you about your alarm system, your
burglar alarm. I see you have Stanley.” For about thirty minutes while they were
conversing, the witness thought appellant worked for Stanley—the witness’s thencurrent alarm monitoring company. The witness testified that appellant “probably
misrepresented the fact that he was a Stanley operative.” The witness testified that
by the time he signed up for the new alarm system, he knew he was dealing with
Capital.
The second witness testified that in June 2016, appellant came to the
witness’s door. The witness testified that appellant “said that he wanted to talk to
me about upgrading my security system, that he had seen the sign outside saying
that I had ADT Security.” Because appellant referred to the sign in the witness’s
2
Later during the call, the complainant told the representative that she was “not hearing
you good.”
6
yard, the witness “assumed [appellant] was working for ADT.” While they were
inside the house, the witness told his wife that appellant was “with ADT Security.”
Appellant did not correct the witness at that time. Appellant was inside the
witness’s house for about thirty minutes before the witness realized that appellant
did not work for ADT. The witness testified that the “first clue” that appellant did
not work for ADT was the fact that the paperwork had “Capital Connect” written
on it. The witness testified that he understood by the time he signed the contract
that he was getting a Capital system.
D. Analysis
Appellant attacks the State’s allegation that he recklessly represented that a
commodity or service was of a particular style, grade, or model while it was of
another. Under this argument, appellant makes three related claims: (1) he did not
represent that the alarm system he offered to sell to the complainant was of any
particular style, grade, or model; (2) any representations he made were accurate
because the alarm system was not of a different style, grade, or model; and (3) he
did not act with a culpable mental state of recklessness.
Appellant acknowledges that a representation can be made “by words or by
conduct.” But he contends that he did not represent that he was selling the
complainant a Central alarm system because “he never misrepresented for whom
he worked, and she knew that she was changing her alarm service from Central to
Capital when she executed the contract.” Thus, appellant focuses on what the
complainant knew at the time she signed the contract.
The State, however, contends that the statute criminalizes conduct both
leading up to and during the completion of a business transaction. Thus, the State
contends that a “deceptive business practice can be committed in all aspects of the
7
transaction and is not excused merely by a signature on a contract stating
appropriate terms.”
We agree with the State. The relevant inquiry does not focus on what the
complainant knew at the time she signed the contract; instead, it focuses on what
appellant did—what he represented—during the course of business. See Tex. Penal
Code § 32.42. The representation must be made “in the course of business,” which
includes “selling . . . service or property.” Id. § 34.42(a)(2), (b).3 The statute does
not criminalize conduct of a defendant only when the defendant is successful in
perpetrating a fraud. See id. § 34.42. Rather, the statute criminalizes the act of
“representing”—an act that can occur before a completed transaction. See
Representation, Black’s Law Dictionary 1327 (8th ed. 2004) (“A presentation of
fact—either by words or by conduct—made to induce someone to act, esp. to enter
into a contract; esp., the manifestation to another that a fact, including a state of
mind, exists.”); Represent, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1926
(1993) (including the definition “to describe as having a specified character or
quality”).
In this case, a rational juror could have understood the statutory word
“representing” to include appellant’s conduct and statement immediately after he
initiated contact with the elderly complainant at her front door—pointing to the
Central sign and stating “I’m here to update your security.” A rational inference
from this statement and conduct is that appellant was describing a Central alarm
system, although he was not. See, e.g., Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 766 (must defer to
jury’s rational inferences and resolution of conflicting inferences supported by the
record). Indeed, the complainant testified that appellant did not refer to a different
3
Appellant acknowledges that the evidence “clearly establishes that appellant was ‘in the
course of business’ because he was selling residential alarm systems door-to-door.”
8
company’s alarm system until appellant “presented the papers” to her after gaining
entry to her home and discussing alarm system features with her. Under the
evidence in this case, a rational juror could have found that appellant represented
that a commodity or service was of a particular style, grade, or model when it was
of another. See Tex. Penal Code § 32.42(b)(7); cf. Agbogun v. State, 756 S.W.2d 1,
2–3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d) (sufficient evidence under
Section 32.42(b)(7) when a pharmacist put a name-brand label on a bottle
containing a generic drug).
Appellant acknowledges that the State, at a minimum, had to prove that
appellant acted recklessly. The Penal Code provides the standard:
A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to circumstances
surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he is aware
of but consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that
the circumstances exist or the result will occur. The risk must be of
such a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross
deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would
exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor’s
standpoint.
Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(c). Recklessness requires the defendant to “actually
foresee the risk involved and to consciously decide to ignore it.” Williams v. State,
235 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). It is the callous disregard of risk, in
a “devil may care” or “not giving a damn” attitude, that shows the culpable mental
state of recklessness. See
id. at 751–53.
The State may prove a culpable mental state such as recklessness through
direct or circumstantial evidence, coupled with all reasonable inferences from that
evidence. See Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 766. “[T]he required culpable mental state
must attach to the proscribed act at the time the conduct is engaged in.” Ely v.
State,
582 S.W.2d 416, 420 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979) (reasoning that
9
Section 32.42(b)(12)(B) is worded so as to preclude a conviction when a person
makes “an honest representation at the time of the sale which subsequent business
conditions renders objectively false at the time performance is required”).
Here, the State met its burden to show that appellant made the false
representation at least recklessly. Appellant did not volunteer the name of the
company he worked for before entering the complainant’s home. He did not
initially tell the complainant who he worked for while talking with her about alarm
system features after gaining entry to her home. The complainant did not learn that
appellant was selling a Capital system until appellant “presented the papers.” He
was not wearing a uniform or a nametag, or anything else to identify that he
worked for Capital rather than Central.
The State presented evidence regarding two uncharged extraneous offenses,
which showed that appellant employed the same or similar tactic on other people.
He pointed to their alarm system signs, for companies other than Capital, and
misled the customers into believing that he worked for those companies. In one
instance, he wore multiple lanyards of different companies, and in the other
instance, he failed to correct the customer’s statement that appellant worked for a
company other than Capital. In both instances, the customers did not learn the true
style, grade, or model of the alarm systems that appellant was peddling until nearly
thirty minutes into the conversations.
From this evidence, a rational juror could have found that appellant actually
foresaw the risk involved—that he was representing the Capital alarm system as a
Central one—and that he consciously disregarded this risk.
Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
10
II. JURY UNANIMITY
In his second issue, appellant contends that the jury charge erroneously
authorized a non-unanimous verdict because the charge did not require the jury to
agree about which of the three statutory allegations appellant committed. This
issue is one of first impression for the offense of deceptive business practices.
A jury in Texas must reach a unanimous verdict. O’Brien v. State, 544
S.W.3d 376, 382 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). The jurors must agree that the defendant
committed one specific crime, but not that the defendant committed the crime in
one specific way or even with one specific act.
Id. The jurors must agree on each
essential element of the crime.
Id. But the requirement of unanimity is not violated
when the jury charge “presents the jury with the option of choosing among various
alternative manner and means of committing the same statutorily defined offense.”
Id.
We examine the statute defining the offense to determine whether the
Legislature created (1) multiple, separate offenses, or (2) a single offense with
different methods or means of commission. Pizzo v. State, 235 S.W.3d 711, 714
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). “We determine what the jury must be unanimous about by
conducting a statutory analysis that seeks to ascertain the focus or gravamen of the
offense.” O’Brien,
544 S.W.3d at 383. There are three general categories of
criminal offenses: result of conduct, nature of conduct, and circumstances of
conduct. See Young v. State,
341 S.W.3d 417, 423 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Appellant contends that Section 32.42 is a nature-of-conduct offense while
the State contends that it is a circumstances-of-conduct offense. If the gravamen of
the crime is the nature of the conduct, the jury must be unanimous about the
specific criminal act committed. O’Brien, 544 S.W.3d at 383. However, if the
11
gravamen of the crime is a circumstance surrounding the conduct, unanimity is
required about the existence of the particular circumstance of the offense. Id.
For example, many sex-offense statutes are written is such a way as to
indicate that they are nature-of-conduct offenses because the act itself is the
gravamen of the offense. See Young, 341 S.W.3d at 423. For a circumstances-of-conduct offense, however, the focus of the statute is on the particular
circumstances that exist rather than the discrete, and perhaps different, acts that the
defendant might commit under those circumstances.
Id. at 424. The offense of
failing to stop and render aid is one example; the focus is the existence of an
automobile accident.
Id.
Determining the gravamen of an offense is primarily a question of the
Legislature’s intent. O’Brien, 544 S.W.3d at 384. To determine the Legislature’s
intent, we look to the statutory text.
Id. “If the plain language is clear and
unambiguous, our analysis ends because the Legislature must be understood to
mean what it has expressed, and it is not for the courts to add or subtract from such
a statute.”
Id. (quotations omitted). Every word, phrase, and clause in the statute
should be given effect if reasonably possible.
Id.
One analytical model employed by the Court of Criminal Appeals is the
“eighth-grade-grammar test” whereby the court focuses on the statutory verb and
its direct object. See id. at 386. At a minimum, the elements of an offense include:
the subject (the defendant);
the main verb;
the direct object if the main verb requires a direct object (i.e.,
the offense is a result-oriented crime); and
the specific occasion (the date phrase within the indictment, but
narrowed down to one specific incident regardless of the date
alleged).
12
See id. (citing Jefferson v. State,
189 S.W.3d 305, 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)
(Cochran, J., concurring)). Ordinarily, adverbial phrases are not “elemental” for
purposes of jury unanimity. Kent v. State,
483 S.W.3d 557, 560 (Tex. Crim. App.
2016); see also O’Brien,
544 S.W.3d at 386 (“Generally, adverbial phrases,
introduced by the preposition ‘by,’ describe the manner and means of committing
the offense. They are not the gravamen of the offense, nor elements on which the
jury must be unanimous.” (quotation omitted)). Nature-of-conduct offenses
“generally use different verbs in different subsections” of the statute to indicate
that the Legislature intended to punish distinct types of conduct. Young,
341
S.W.3d at 424.
“[W]e apply the rules of grammar to the text of the statute describing the
offense in the context of the entire scheme to attempt to discern the Legislature’s
intent in passing the statute.” O’Brien, 544 S.W.3d at 387. For example, in O’Brien
the court addressed the unanimity requirements for the offense of engaging in
organized criminal activity. See
id. at 379 (citing Tex. Penal Code § 71.02). That
statute begins with a structure similar to the deceptive business practices statute:
Section 71.02(a) Section 32.42(b)
A person commits an offense if, A person commits an offense if in
with the intent to establish, the course of business he
maintain, or participate in a intentionally, knowingly, recklessly,
combination or in the profits of a or with criminal negligence commits
combination or as a member of a one or more of the following
criminal street gang, the person deceptive business practices: . . .
commits or conspires to commit one
or more of the following: . . .
Then, in separately enumerated paragraphs, Section 71.02(a) lists various
nouns composed of different criminal offenses such as murder, promotion of
prostitution, or “any felony offense under Chapter 32.” See Tex. Penal
13
Code § 71.02(a)(1), (3), (8). Similarly, Section 32.42(b) includes a list of phrases
beginning with nouns—gerunds such as “selling,” “passing off,” or “representing.”
See id. § 32.42(b)(2), (5), (9).4
The Court of Criminal Appeals noted that some aspects of Section 71.02(a)
favored a result-of-conduct offense, while others favored a nature-of-conduct
offense. See O’Brien, 544 S.W.3d at 389. For example, the grammar test showed a
similarity to result-of-conduct offenses because the statute features a verb
(“commits or conspires to commit”) that requires a direct object (“one or more of
the following”). See
id. at 387. The court focused on the language “one or more of
the following” in the statute. See
id. at 387–88. The court analogized to the felony
murder statute (a result-of-conduct offense) under which unanimity is not required
for the underlying felony. See
id. at 387, 389.
“More importantly,” the court explained, the Legislature’s inclusion of the
phrase “one or more of the following” showed “the Legislature’s focus upon the
creation of a criminal combination rather than upon a specific predicate offense.”
Id. at 388. This phrase in particular demonstrated that the Legislature “was not as
focused upon the commission of a specific predicate offense[] as it was upon
organized crime.”
Id. The court reasoned that interpreting the statute as a nature-of-conduct offense would “render the Legislature’s use of the phrase ‘one or more
of the following’ meaningless.”
Id.
4
Bryan Garner writes that a gerund is a present participle used as a noun. The Chicago
Manual of Style 5.110, at 176 (15th ed. 2003). A gerund may be used as the object of a verb or of
a preposition—for example, “reduce erosion by terracing the fields.” Id. (emphasis added). In
her oft-cited concurrence in Jefferson, Judge Cochran provides examples of “adverbial phrases”
that are also gerunds used as objects of prepositions. See
189 S.W.3d at 315 (giving examples of
adverbial phrases that follow the phrase “caused serious bodily injury,” such as “by striking [the
complainant] with his foot” and “by causing [the complainant’s] head to strike an unknown
object”).
14
The court held, therefore, that the organized crime statute creates a
circumstances-of-conduct offense. Id. at 389. Accordingly, a jury is not required to
unanimously agree upon which “one or more of the following” predicate crimes
the defendant has committed to support a conviction for engaging in organized
criminal activity. See
id. at 379.
We reach the same conclusion regarding the deceptive business practices
statute. The second use of the verb “commits” in the statute requires the direct
object “one or more of the following.” The Legislature’s use of “one or more of the
following” shows that the Legislature was not as focused on the commission of a
specific act as much as the Legislature was focused on the defendant’s being “in
the course of business.” Cf. id. at 388. Interpreting the statute as a nature-of-conduct offense would render meaningless the Legislature’s use of the phrase “one
or more of the following.” See
id. The deceptive business practices statute,
therefore, creates a circumstances-of-conduct offense. A jury is not required to
unanimously agree upon which of the “one or more of the following” acts the
defendant has committed.
Appellant contends, however, that this interpretation is incorrect because the
punishment classification of the offense can depend upon which act the defendant
commits. See Tex. Penal Code § 32.42(c)–(d). An offense under subsections (b)(7)
through (b)(12) is always a Class A misdemeanor. Id. § 32.42(d). But, depending
on the defendant’s culpable mental state and whether the defendant has a prior
conviction, an offense under (b)(1) through (b)(6) may be classified as a Class A or
Class C misdemeanor. See id. § 32.42(c). The Legislature’s assignment of different
punishment ranges to different statutory subsections may indicate that the
subsections represent different offenses rather than manners or means of
committing the same offense. See Gillette v. State, 444 S.W.3d 713, 728 (Tex.
15
App.—Corpus Christi 2014, no pet.) (citing Jones v. State, 323 S.W.3d 885, 890
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). However, the Court of Criminal Appeals has cautioned
that “[s]eparate punishment provisions . . . should carry little weight in the
analysis” because there are “more weighty factors” available. Jones,
323 S.W.3d at
890.5
A similar argument was made in O’Brien. The punishment of a defendant
convicted of engaging in organized criminal activity depends on which underlying
“predicate” offense is committed. See Tex. Penal Code § 71.02(b). The dissenting
judges in O’Brien found this aspect of the statute persuasive for determining that a
jury must be unanimous about the underlying conduct. See 544 S.W.3d at 398
(Yeary, J., dissenting);
id. at 401 (Walker, J., dissenting). The majority did not. See
id. at 388 n.46 (majority op.). Rather, the majority noted that a conviction based on
different underlying predicate offenses involving different punishment ranges
could create a due process violation. See
id. at 394 n.89. But O’Brien was no such
case because the predicate offenses carried the same degree of punishment. See
id.
The same rationale applies here. Appellant was charged with violating three
paragraphs—(7), (9), and (12)—which always result in punishment as a Class A
misdemeanor. See Tex. Penal Code § 32.42(d). We need not decide in this case
whether unanimity might be required, under a due process theory, if the State
5
Jones was a double-jeopardy case, but there are “intertwining strands” in double-jeopardy and jury-unanimity cases because courts must ascertain the focus or gravamen of an
offense. See Johnson v. State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 296 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); see also Huffman v.
State,
267 S.W.3d 902, 905 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (“Our jury unanimity opinions and several
of our double jeopardy opinions address the same basic question: In a given situation, do
different legal theories of criminal liability comprise different offenses, or do they comprise
alternate methods of committing the same offense?”).
16
alleges alternate methods of committing the offense based on paragraphs
incorporating different punishment ranges. See O’Brien, 544 S.W.3d at 394 n.89.6
In sum, the plain text of Section 32.42 indicates that the gravamen of the
offense is the circumstances surrounding the conduct—namely, the defendant
being in the course of business. Thus, under the plain text of the statute, unanimity
is not required for the “one or more” underlying acts listed in subsection (b).
Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
Having overruled both of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ Ken Wise
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Boyce, Donovan, and Wise.
Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
6
Appellant does not contend in this appeal that unanimity is required by the Due Process
Clause of the United States Constitution. See O’Brien, 544 S.W.3d at 383–84 & n.13, 393–94
(recognizing that due process may require unanimity even if the statute itself does not). Thus, we
do not address the separate question of whether the alternate manner and means alleged in this
case were “morally and conceptually equivalent.” See id. at 393–94; see also Tex. R. App. P.
47.1.
17
