Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee’s Empirical Analysis
555 U.S. 246 · 2009
Citation profile
91 federal appellate · 82 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 489 later decisions (10 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2025 · most notably Hui v. Castaneda (2010), Fantini v. Salem State College (2009)
91 federal appellate · 82 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 20 U.S.C. § 1400 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975) · 20 U.S.C. § 1681 (§ 901 of the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972) · 33 U.S.C. § 1251 (Alternative Water Sources Act of 2000) · 33 U.S.C. § 1401 (Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000H · 47 U.S.C. § 332
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · West v. Atkins · Cannon v. University of Chicago · Reed v. Reed · Middlesex County Sewerage Authority v. National Sea Clammers Assn.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 489 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“In those cases in which the § 1983 claim is based on a statutory right, 'evidence of such congressional intent may be found directly in the statute creating the right, or inferred from the statute's creation of a comprehensive enforcement scheme that is incompatible with individual enforcement under § 1983.'”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States .... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress....”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.