United States v. Hayes’s Empirical Analysis
2009
Citation profile
159 federal appellate · 21 district · 67 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 421 later decisions (46 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2025 · most notably Nijhawan v. Holder (2009), Johnson v. United States (2010)
159 federal appellate · 21 district · 67 state decisions — followed in 17 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedUnited States v. Hayes (from Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 1 U.S.C. § 1 (Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002) · 18 U.S.C. § 16 · 18 U.S.C. § 3559 · 18 U.S.C. § 921 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 25 U.S.C. § 2803
Relies on Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc. · Bragdon v. Abbott · Bifulco v. United States · United States v. Shabani · Barnhart Commissioner of Social Security v. Thomas
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 421 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“an offense ... committed by a current or former spouse, parent, or guardian of the victim”
18 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[f]irearms and domestic strife are a potentially deadly combination,”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.