Mehlin v. Ice

¶40CALDWELL, Circuit Judge,

¶41(after stating the facts.) Whatever the defendants below did in the way of putting the plaintiff out of the possession of the premises was done in obedience to the command of the writ issued by the clerk of the district court of the proper district of the Cherokee Nation. If this was a valid process, it constitutes a complete defense to this action. The proceedings before the clerk which led up to the issuance of the writ 'were had after due notice to the defendant in that action, and conformed to the requirements of the statute law of the nation, and the writ was in due form. It is not claimed that the statute under which the proceedings were had conflicts with the constitution of the Cherokee Nation. Complaint is made that the mode of proceeding prescribed by the statute is too summary to be regarded as due process of law under the constitution of the United States. But it is very clear the act in no manner conflicts with that instrument. The proceedings are not so summary as the proceedings authorized in like cases by the statutes of some of the states. By the law of Arkansas, when a complaint is filed in case of forcible entry and detainer, it is made the duty of the clerk to forthwith, issue a writ to dispossess the defendant, without any preliminary inquiry whatever into the truth of ‘the complaint. Section 3351, Mansf. Dig.

¶42*16Under the Cherokee statute the defendant is entitled to 10 days’ notice to show cause before the clerk why the writ should not issue. The hearing before the clerk is preliminary and interlocutory, but it is a hearing that determines the question whether .the writ shall issue before the final tidal of the cause upon its merits in the district court. Wien, upon such preliminary inquiry, the clerk issues a writ of possession regular on its face, in a case over which the court has jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the person, such writ is a perfect protection to the officers and his assistants executing it. In a suit against the officer or his assistants for the execution of such a writ, the sufficiency of the evidence before the clerk to warrant that officer in issuing the writ cannot be inquired into. Erskine v. Hohnback, 14 Wall. 613.

¶43In the brief of the learned counsel for the defendant in error it is said of the Cherokees that “their title to land is a mere title by occupancy, the title being in the United States,” and it is intimated that in some other respects the Cherokee Nation is very much on the same plane of the Indian tribes generally, and that little or no faith and credit should be accorded to the proceedings of their courts.

¶44The tenure by which the Cherokee Nation holds its lands, and its relation to the United States in other respects, are widely different from that of the ordinary Indian tribes. By the treaties between the United States and the Cherokee Nation of February 14, 1833, (7 Stat. 414,) and of December 29, 1835, (Id. 478,) the United States granted to the Cherokee Nation, in fee simple, the lands now occupied by the Cherokees. These treaties in terms stipulated that a patent should be issued by the United States to the Cherokee Nation for the lands thereby granted, and on the 1st day of December, 1838, a patent for the lands was issued by the president in execution of the obligations imposed upon the United States by these treaties, and the validity of this patent has been affirmed by the supreme court. Holden v. Joy, 17 Wall. 211-246; The Cherokee Trust Funds, 117 U. S. 288, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 718. Tbe preamble to the treaty of 1835 shows that a chief consideration on the part of the Cherokees for selling their lands east of the Mississippi river to the United States was to secure a permanent home for themselves, “where,” in the language of the treaty, “they can establish and enjoy a government of their choice, and perpetuate such a state of society as may be most consonant with their views, habits, and condition;” and, in furtherance of this object, the fifth article of that treaty provides that—

“The United States hereby covenant and agree that the lands ceded to the Oherokee Nation in the foregoing article shall in no future time, without their consent, be included within the territorial limits or .-jurisdiction of any state or territory. But they shall secure to the Cherokee Nation the right by their national councils to make and carry into effect all such laws as they may deem necessary for the government and protection of the persons and property within them own country belonging to their people, or such persons as have conneded themselves with them: provided, always, that they shall not be inconsistent with the constitution of the United States and such acts *17of congress as liare been or may be passed regulating trade and intercourse with tlie Indians; and also that, they shall not be considered as extending to such citizens and army of the 'tTnited States as may travel or reside in the Indian country by permission, according to the laws and regulations established by the government of the same.”

¶45The jurisdiction granted by this article was confirmed by the thirteenth article of the treaty of July 19, 1866, (14 Stat. 799,) which declares:

“* » a Thai, the judicial tribunals of the nation shall be allowed to retain exclusive jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases arising within their country in which members of the nation, by nativity or adoption, shall be the only parties, or where the cause o£ action shall arise in the Olierolcee Nation, except as otherwise provided in this treaty.”

¶46The right of local self-government has always been claimed and exercised by the Cherokee .Nation, and their rights in this regard, so far as relate to their own country and people, have never been questioned by the United States. Nor is it true that the United States has always denied to the Oherokees jurisdiction over white intruders in their country. By article 8 of the treaty of July 2, 1791, (7 Stat. 40.) it: was provided:

"if any citizen of the Uni fed States, or other person not being an Indian, shall settle on any of the Cherokee lands, such person shall forfeit, the protection oí the United States, and the Oherokees may punish him or not, as they please.”

¶47What modification of this particular jurisdiction has been made by subsequent treaties wo need not inquire. The article has historical interest, as showing that more than a century ago the United States withdrew its protection from white intruders in the Cherokee country, and left their punishment to the Oherokees. This treaty had the approval of Washington. It is quite obvious that the jurisdiction it conferred on the Oherokees could only have been granted on Hie assumption that they were then a civilized people, having an established government of their own. and that their laws and modes of trial were of a character which made it proper to subject to their jurisdiction citizens of the United States settling upon, their lands. It is very clear* no such jurisdiction would have been granted to a savage or uncivilized tribe of Indians.

¶48The social and political condition of the Cherokee Nation is imperfectly understood by many. By intermarriage With the whites, they have to a considerable extent come to be of mixed blood. Generations ago they abandoned the chase and the war path,.and adopted the pursuits of civilized man. As far back as 1827 they adopted a written constitution, modeled after the constitutions of the states then surrounding their country. Their state of civilization at that time may be inferred from the following provisions of the constitution:

“No person who denies the being of a God, or a future state of rewards and punishment, shall hold any office in the civil department of this nation.”

“Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government, the preservation of liberty, and the happiness of mankind, schools and the *18means of education shall forever be encouraged in this nation.” Sections 2, 10, art. 6, Const 3827.

¶49These articles were retained in the constitution adopted in 1889. In furtherance of the article on the subject of education the national counsel has, from time to time, passed laws to establish and maintain common schools an d seminaries in the nation, and their opportunities for religious instruction have not been at all inferior to those of the frontier white settlements. Under their constitution, the government, like that of the states, is divided into three departments, — legislative, executive, and judicial, — and the functions and jurisdiction of each of these departments is as well defined as it is in the constitutions of the states. Their judicial system is also modeled after that of the states, and business is conducted in their courts in the same orderly manner.

¶50The title given to the executive head of the nation by its constitution has, doubtless, contributed to the erroneous impression that the Oherokees arfe not yet civilized. The term “chief,” when used in connection with Indians in this country, is commonly understood to mean the head man of an uncivilized or semicivilized tribe of Indians; and the title of “principal chief,” bestowed by the Cherokee constitution on the executive head of the nation, has undoubtelly done much to create the impression that the Cherokee people and their institutions resemble more nearly a tribe of uncivilized or semicivilized Indians than the people and institutions ■ of a civilized state. But under the Cherokee constitution the powers and functions of the principal chief are precisely those of a governor of a state, and he is not empowered to perform, and is not expected to perform, any executive function which the governor of any state might not appropriately perform.

¶51The nature and character of the Cherokee Nation as a political body, and the faith and credit due to the proceedings and judgments of its courts, have been the subject of consideration by the supreme .court. The probate court of the Cherokee Nation issued letters of administration to Mackey and two others on the estate of Samuel Mackey, of the Cherokee Nation. In the case of Mackey v. Coxe, 18 How. 100, it became necessary to determine the validity of these letters, and the faith and credit due to them, and the court said:

“Tlie Oherokees are governed by their own laws. As a people they are more advanced in civilization than the other Indian tribes, with the exception, perhaps, of the Choctaws. By the national council their laws,are enacted, approved by their executive, and carried into effect through an organized judiciary. Under a law ‘relative to estates and administrators’ letters of administration were granted to the persons above named on the estate of Samuel Maelkey, deceased, by the probate court, with as much regularity and rosiDonsibility as letters of administration are granted by the state courts of .the- Union.. … A question has been suggested whether the Cherokee people should be considered or treated as a foreign state or territory. Tlie fact that they are under the constitution of the Union, and subject to acts of congress regulating trade, is a sufficient answer to the suggestion. They are not only within our- jurisdiction, but the faith of the nation is pledged for their protection. In some respects they hear the same relation-to the federal government as a; territory -did-in its second grade of government under *19the ordinance of 1787. Such territory passed its own laws, subject to the approval of congress; and i<s inhabitants were subject to the constitution and acts of congress. The principal difference consists in the fact that the Cherokees enact 1heir own laws under the restriction stated, appoint their own officers, and pay their own expenses. Tills, however, is no reason why the laws and proceedings of the Cherokee territory, so far as relates to rights claimed under them, should not be placed upon tlie same fooling- as other territories in the Union. It is not a foreign, but a domestic, territory, — a territory which originated under our constitution and laws. * :s * No question could arise as to the validity of the Cherokee law under which letters of administration were granted on the estate of Mackey, and, as the power of attorney given by the administrators to Haines seems to have been duly authenticated and proved, a payment to the administrator by the government would have been a legal payment. The Cherokee country, we think, may he considered a territory of the United States, within the act of 1812. In no respect can it lie considered a foreign state or territory, as it is within our jurisdiction, and subject to our laws.”

¶52The general doctrine of this case has "been affirmed in later cases. Holden v. Joy, supra; The Cherokee Trust Funds, supra. The proceedings and judgments of the courts of the Cherokee Nation in cases within their jurisdiction are on the same footing with proceedings and judgments of the courts of the territories of the Union, and are entitled to the same faith and credit.

¶53But it is said, conceding this to he so, and conceding that the district court of the nation had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the suit of Mehlin v. Ice, that it did not have and could not acquire jurisdiction over the person of Ice, because he was a white man, and a citizen of the United Bin tes, and that its proceedings are, for that reason, a nullity. There is a conclusive answer to this contention. Ice was notified to appear before the clerk, and show cause why he should not he put out of the possession of the premises. In response to this summons he entered a general appearance. He did not challenge the jurisdiction of the court over the subject-matter of the suit or over Ms person. He rested his right, to the possession of the premises on a lease from Armstrong, and exhibited the lease, and asked that Armstrong he made a party defendant, which was done. Conceding that Ice, being a white man, was for (hat reason not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the nation. Ibis was a, personal privilege, which he might and did waive. The eleventh amendment to the constitution of the United States declares the judicial power of the United States shall not extend, to a suit against a stale, hut it has always been held, that; the immunity from suit granted by this article is a personal privilege, which the state may waive; at pleasure; and when it does waive its privilege, and voluntarily submits to the jurisdiction of a United States court, it is concluded by the judgment. Beers v. State of Arkansas, 20 How. 527; Clark v. Barnard, 108 U. S. 436-447, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 878; Cunningham v. Railroad Co., 109 U. S. 446-451, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 292, 609. The,denial of jurisdiction to the Cherokee courts over white men in the Cherokee country is not any broader, and is not founded on as high considerations of public policy, as the denial to- the courts of the United States of jurisdiction over the states. A party may waive, any *20provision either of a 0 constitution, treaty, or statute intended for Ms benefit. It is therefore competent for a white man to waive the treaty and statutoiy stipulations exempting him from the jurisdiction of ihe Cherokee courts; and when he enters a general appearance to an action pending in those courts, and pleads to the merits, and there is a trial upon such plea, he thereby waives the' exemption, and submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court, and will not afterwards be heard to contest the validity of the proceedings and judgment of the Cherokee court upon the ground that it had no jurisdiction of his person. Shutte v. Thompson, 15 Wall. 151; Shields v. Thomas, 18 How. 253; Jones v. Andrews, 10 Wall. 327; Bank v. Okely, 4 Wheat. 235; U. S. v. Rathbone, 2 Paine, 578; Hawes, Jur. §§ 9-11; Brown, Jur. §§ 49, 50; Bostwick v. Perkins, 4 Ga. 50; In re Cooper, 93 N. Y. 507; State v. Polson, 29 Iowa, 133; State v. Fooks, 65 Iowa, 196, 452, 21 N. W. Rep. 561, 773; Railway Co. v. McBride, 141 U. S. 127, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 982. The conclusion reached on this branch of the case renders it unnecessary to consider the other assignments of error.

¶54The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.