12/31/2024
DA 24-0026
Case Number: DA 24-0026
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2024 MT 322
JAMES G. ARCHER, DENISE F. ARCHER,
ROGER WAGNER, ANTOINETTE WAGNER,
RUTGER NIERS, LAURA NIERS, GREGORY
CHAPMAN, GREGORY SMITH, and LISA BRYANT,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
GORDON TAIT and MICHELLE JANZ,
Defendants and Appellees.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,
In and For the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV-2023-640E
Honorable Danni Coffman, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellants:
Sean S. Frampton, Frampton Purdy Law Firm, Whitefish, Montana
For Appellees:
Bruce A. Fredrickson, Angela M. LeDuc, Taylor R. Miller, Rocky
Mountain Law Partners, P.C., Kalispell, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: September 4, 2024
Decided: December 31, 2024
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Appellees Gordon Tait and Michelle Janz plan to construct a residence at the base
of their property, adjacent to Whitefish Lake. The proposed ingress and egress for
Appellees’ proposed home is a narrow dirt roadway that crosses the Appellees’ and
Appellants’ lots as part of an express easement providing all lot owners with use of the
roadway, which also allows more convenient access to the lake’s shore. Appellants
challenged Appellees’ proposed use of the road, contending the easement’s original scope
was limited to use only in the summer months for access to and enjoyment of the lake, not
for regular travel to and from a residential property, and that their properties would be
unduly burdened by the construction of Appellees’ home. The Eleventh Judicial District
Court, Flathead County, held for Appellees, determining the easement’s grant language
was specific and would not prohibit Appellees’ intended year-round use of the road. This
appeal followed.
¶2 We address the following issue:
Did the District Court err by determining the subject easement was specific as to
year-round road use and granting summary judgment to Appellees?
We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶3 The Parties to this case each own one or more lots within the Houston Lake Shores
Tracts residential subdivision, which borders Whitefish Lake. The lots are narrow and
steep as they slope to the lake’s shoreline; existing residential properties are located at the
top of each lot. A dirt road traverses the lots, beginning on the Appellees’ property, then
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proceeding down and across the Appellants’ properties before sharply switching back and
re-crossing Appellants’ properties, eventually ending at the base of the Appellees’ lot. The
dirt road pre-dates the subdivision, which was platted in 1935. In 1986, the then-owners
of each affected lot entered a “Multiple Reciprocal Grants of Easements” (hereinafter, the
“Easement”) for the road, providing, in relevant part:
1. The parties do hereby grant unto each other a ten foot (10’) easement and
right of way to use and maintain the present existing private road, for
motor vehicle traffic in common with each other, traversing through their
respective tracts of land as shown, drawn and laid out in Exhibit “G”,
attached hereto, to have and to hold the same unto the respective parties
as appurtenant to their lands.
2. The parties hereto agree to share equally in the costs of expenses of
maintenance and repairs of said private road as needed, but only for
summer-time use, which shall not include snow and ice removal.
3. The easements hereby granted shall run with the land and shall inure to
the benefit of, and be binding upon, the parties hereto and their respective
heirs . . . including, but without limitation, all subsequent owners of tracts
described in Exhibit “A” through “F” and all persons claiming under
them.
¶4 Appellants Roger and Antoinette Wagner are the only remaining property owners
who were original parties to the Easement. All other Appellants are successors-in-interest
to the original parties. The dirt road encompassed by the Easement has not been utilized
to provide direct access to a residence. Rather, landowners have historically used the road
to access storage sheds erected on their properties or to access stairways leading to their
docks on the lake.
¶5 Gordon and Michelle purchased their property in September of 2020, subject to the
Easement. Their current home and separate garage are located near the top of their lot,
where the Easement begins. They intend to build a residence at the bottom of their lot,
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closer to the shoreline, and convert their existing home into a guest house. The road, after
traversing lots within the subdivision and terminating on the lower portion of their lot,
would serve as the primary ingress and egress to their proposed home year-round.
¶6 Appellants objected to this plan, arguing the Easement limited use of the dirt road
to “summer-time use” only, and filed suit to permanently enjoin Appellees from “any
fulltime ingress-egress access” over the Easement, “including any use for construction
equipment to improve the property.” The Parties filed cross-motions for summary
judgment. Relying on an Affidavit from Roger Wagner, one of the original parties to the
Easement, Appellants stated “[t]he purpose of the easement agreement was to reduce to
writing the existing and intended use of the roadway as access in the summertime to get to
the stairs . . . never to access a residence or to use it year-round.” However, based upon
the language of the Easement, the District Court granted summary judgment to Appellees,
reasoning:
The language of this easement clearly creates a ten-foot roadway easement,
the location of which is identified on the plat, for the benefit of the lot owners.
The restriction Plaintiffs read into this, i.e., that paragraph two limits the use
of the roadway to “summertime,” or that one may not access a home only
stairs, docks, and sheds, is not stated in the language of the easement.
Instead, it appears to be contemplated that the roadway might be used in the
winter, but that shared expenses do not include snow and ice removal. Had
the drafter intended to limit use of the roadway to “summertime use,”
paragraph one would have limited the grant in this manner. In any event, this
easement is specific, certainly as it relates to the question of whether use is
limited to “summertime” or limits use of the roadway for lake, dock, stair,
and shed access.
Appellants appeal from the District Court’s summary judgment order.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶7 We review a grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
criteria of M. R. Civ. P. 56 as the District Court. Quarter Circle JP Ranch, LLC v. Jerde,
2018 MT 68, ¶ 7,
391 Mont. 104,
414 P.3d 1277. Summary judgment is appropriate only
when the moving party demonstrates both absence of any genuine issues of material fact
and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. M. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). The District Court’s
conclusions and applications of law are reviewed de novo for correctness. O’Keefe v.
Mustang Ranches HOA,
2019 MT 179, ¶ 14,
396 Mont. 454,
446 P.3d 509.
DISCUSSION
¶8 Appellants argue the District Court erred in determining the scope of the Easement
by failing to credit the original grantors’ intent, particularly as recalled by Roger Wagner.
In response, Appellees argue the Easement is unambiguous and clearly granted the parties
continual use of the dirt road, the maintenance of which would be shared by the parties
only during summer months. Like the District Court, we examine the Easement’s language
to determine whether it is necessary to consider parol evidence about the parties’ original
intentions to resolve the question of the Easement’s scope.
¶9 “An easement is a nonpossessory interest in land—a right which one person has to
use the land of another for a specific purpose or a servitude imposed as a burden upon the
land.” Blazer v. Wall, 2008 MT 145, ¶ 24,
343 Mont. 173,
183 P.3d 84. Easements may
be expressly created through a written instrument of conveyance, or a grant. Sieben Ranch
Co. v. Adams,
2021 MT 172, ¶ 14,
404 Mont. 510,
494 P.3d 307 (citing Kuhlman v. Rivera,
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216 Mont. 353, 359,
701 P.2d 982, 985 (1985)). “[T]he extent of a servitude is determined
by the terms of the grant or the nature of the enjoyment by which it was acquired.” Section
70-17-106, MCA.
This Court has recognized the easement-by-reference doctrine, where an
express easement may be created by referring in an instrument of conveyance
to a recorded plat or certificate of survey on which the easement is adequately
described. For an easement to be considered adequately described, the
dominant and servient estates must be ascertainable with reasonable certainty
from the transaction documents and the transaction documents must give the
owner of the servient estate knowledge of its use or its necessity. The
instrument of conveyance and the referenced plat or certificate of survey
together must show clear and unambiguous grantor intent to convey an
easement and must describe with reasonable certainty the intended dominant
and servient estates, use, and location of the easement.
Mary Ellen Duke Trust v. Lee Lou, LLC, 2023 MT 177, ¶ 12,
413 Mont. 356,
535 P.3d
1133 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
¶10 An easement’s terms may be specific or general with respect to the result of the
grant. Whary v. Plum Creek Timberlands, L.P.,
2014 MT 71, ¶ 9,
374 Mont. 266,
320 P.3d
973. “Where an easement is specific in nature, the breadth and scope of the easement are
strictly determined by the actual terms of the grant.” Mason v. Garrison,
2000 MT 78,
¶ 21,
299 Mont. 142,
998 P.2d 531. In other words, if the grant is “specific in its terms it
is decisive of the limits of the easement,” and the judiciary must not attempt to modify
language where the parties have clearly declined to do so. Titeca v. State,
194 Mont. 209,
214,
634 P.2d 1156, 1159 (1981) (internal quotations omitted); Creveling v. Ingold,
2006
MT 57, ¶ 12,
331 Mont. 322,
132 P.3d 531; see also § 1-4-101, MCA. However, if the
granting language is general in nature, courts “look beyond the plain language of the grant
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in defining the scope and breadth of the servitude.” Mason, ¶ 22. Such extrinsic parol
evidence “is not admissible to add to, vary, or contradict the terms of the contract.”
Mattson v. Mont. Power Co., 2009 MT 286, ¶ 18,
352 Mont. 212,
215 P.3d 675 (citing
§§ 28-2-904, 28-2-905(1), 70-20-202(1), MCA).
¶11 In Jerde, a case heavily relied upon by the Appellants, we found an easement
granted for “ingress and egress . . . for the purpose of conducting farming and ranching
operations and activities” to be general as to whether it could support a residence. Jerde,
¶¶ 2, 14. There, we credited parol evidence from original easement signatories to establish
historical use as necessary “[t]o define the breadth and scope of a servitude of a general
easement.” Jerde, ¶ 11. Yet, we also found the same easement to be specific regarding
the parties and lands to which it was ascribed. Jerde, ¶ 18. Granting language, therefore,
must be applied to the subject issue in determining whether an easement’s scope is general
or specific with respect to each issue. Jerde, n.2 (“The District Court’s error in concluding
the easement was specific on the residence issue in Count III does not undermine its
conclusion that the easement was specific with respect to the issues raised in Counts I and
II”); Mason, ¶¶ 20-24 (finding “separate but related” easements had specific and general
applications).
¶12 The Easement across Appellants’ and Appellees’ properties is unambiguous as to
whether use is limited to summertime. The road at issue is adequately described and
incorporated by reference within the original agreement, showing the Easement’s
beginning and ending on Appellees’ lot. The granting language in paragraph one explicitly
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permits “motor vehicle traffic” across the “ten foot (10’) easement and right of way,” for
use and maintenance of the existing dirt road. This language applies to all original parties
to the Easement and runs with the land to “all subsequent owners of the tracts . . . and all
persons claiming under them.” The Easement shows a clear intent to convey and describes
with reasonable certainty the dominant and servient estates, use, and location of the
easement. This grant is not seasonally limited in any way, and, to that extent, we agree
with the District Court that the succeeding paragraph does not serve to modify this grant.
In paragraph two, the original signatories contemplated “costs of expenses of maintenance
and repairs of said private road,” and limited the sharing of such costs and expenses
between neighbors to those incurred due to “summer-time use.”
¶13 As the District Court reasoned, the original drafters of the Easement recognized the
possibility the “roadway might be used in the winter, but that shared expenses [would] not
include snow and ice removal.” The District Court’s interpretation squares with a logical
understanding of the Easement’s purpose to provide access to the lake. It would not be
reasonable to read the grant such that Appellants would be precluded from accessing their
storage sheds or docks on a warm day that occurred in April, outside of summertime. The
grant cannot be read to restrict homeowners from enjoying access for recreational activities
such as ice fishing but not others like kayaking, depending upon the season. If the drafters
of the Easement had intended to impose such use limitations, it would appropriately have
been addressed within the granting language of paragraph one, as the District Court noted.
Similarly, the drafters could have limited the months or times in which the road could be
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utilized, but they did not. It is not our role to look beyond the four corners of clear plain
language to ascertain an intent to establish seasonal limitations that were not expressed in
paragraph one. Creveling, ¶ 12. In this case, doing so would lead to a result that adds
limitations not expressed in the document and take away from the Easement’s original
terms. The Easement, as written, does not exclude year-round use of the road.
¶14 Likewise, use of the road for the purpose of constructing Gordon and Michelle’s
proposed residence is not prohibited by the Easement’s language. Houston Lake Shores
Tracts is a residential subdivision, and it is to be reasonably expected that new or additional
construction for residential purposes could occur on the lots, dependent upon permitting
by requisite authorities. However, using the road for this purpose was not restricted by the
Easement. “Except as otherwise limited by the terms of the instruments of conveyance,
individuals entitled to use an express easement include the dominant estate owner[s],
family, tenants, and other expressly or implicitly authorized invitees.” O’Keefe, ¶ 29
(emphasis added). Here, the District Court found no material issues of fact to proscribe
Gordon and Michelle’s intended use of the Easement, stating: “Plaintiffs have not claimed
that there is any limitation on the frequency of lake access, only that it be in the
summertime. There are no provisions that limit any stakeholder in the way they enjoy the
easement.”
¶15 The question of whether construction will overburden the Easement is a factual
issue that has not yet occurred and is not ripe for adjudication. A dominant estate
overburdens the servitude when it causes unreasonable damage or interferes with the
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servient property. Mattson, ¶ 52 (citing Restatement (Third) of Property § 4.10, cmt. h
(Am. L. Inst. 1995)). The mere possibility this could occur is not a basis to reverse the
District Court’s judgment on the Easement’s scope. As the District Court reasoned, “[e]ven
if the Plaintiff’s [sic] could argue real, present damages, this would likely be a disputed
fact beyond the scope of summary judgement.” Without further evidence in the record, we
can only speculate as to what damage or interference, if any, the construction of Gordon
and Michelle’s home may cause to the Easement. Appellants suggest this Court ruled in
Guthrie v. Hardy, 2001 MT 122,
305 Mont. 367,
28 P.3d 467 that “anticipated use by
‘various construction and logging vehicles’ and ‘use of construction equipment on the
easement road’” constitutes overburdening of an easement, but this argument fails to
capture the facts of Guthrie. In that case, parties alleged Hardy had “actually increased his
use of the road,” performed “bulldozer work,” and “damaged or interfered with property”
in violation of a court-ordered injunction prohibiting Hardy “from performing ‘any
activities upon [the] easement except for access and egress.’” Guthrie, ¶¶ 15-17, 37. Based
on these facts, this Court found an “equitable remedy was required to preserve [the
Appellees’] right of use and enjoyment and maintain the status quo . . . .” Guthrie, ¶ 40.
In contrast, there is no evidence here that such interference with the Easement has occurred.
“The doctrine of ripeness ‘requires an actual, present controversy,’” or else the “‘court will
not act when the legal issue raised is only hypothetical or the existence of a controversy
merely speculative.’” Havre Daily News, LLC v. City of Havre,
2006 MT 215, ¶ 19,
333
Mont. 331,
142 P.3d 864 (quoting Mont. Power Co. v. Public Service Comm.,
2001 MT
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102, ¶ 32,
305 Mont. 260,
26 P.3d 91). Consequently, we decline to address Appellants’
concerns regarding overburdening of the Easement.
¶16 For these reasons, we find that the District Court did not err in determining the scope
of the Easement was specific as to whether motor vehicle traffic was permitted and whether
use was limited to the summertime, and did not prohibit Appellees’ proposed use. Any
claims that the use will ultimately unduly burden the Easement are presently
non-justiciable.
¶17 We affirm.
/S/ JIM RICE
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
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