Todaro v. Ward’s Empirical Analysis
565 F.2d 48 · 1977
Citation profile
39 federal appellate · 22 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 165 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2025 · most notably Rhodes v. Chapman (1981), Bryant v. Maffucci (1991)
39 federal appellate · 22 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Estelle v. Gamble · Procunier v. Martinez · Milliken v. Bradley · Hampton v. United States · Cataldo v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 165 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“When systematic deficiencies in staffing, facilities or procedures make unnecessary suffering inevitable, a court will not hesitate to use its injunctive powers.”
16 later decisions quote this exact passagee.g. Davies v. Israel · Rasho v. Walker“commensurate with the scope of the constitutional infraction.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage“Noting that inmates are utterly dependent upon their custodians, the [Estelle ] Court was careful to observe that the Eighth Amendment forbids not only deprivations of medical care that produce physical torture and lingering death, but also less serious denials which cause or perpetuate pain. To assert otherwise would be inconsistent with contemporary standards of human decency.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.