In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00008-CR
JOSHUA JACOBS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 102nd District Court
Bowie County, Texas
Trial Court No. 14F1096-102
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
Opinion on Remand by Justice Moseley
OPINION ON REMAND
As a result of his unlawful contact with twelve-year-old K.R, 1 a Bowie County jury found
Joshua Jacobs guilty of aggravated sexual assault of a child. 2 After Jacobs pled true to having
previously been convicted of a prior felony in Louisiana, the trial court imposed a mandatory
sentence 3 of imprisonment for life. Jacobs appealed to this Court and asserted that the trial court
erred (1) in enhancing his punishment to life imprisonment by using his prior conviction in
Louisiana (the Louisiana conviction), 4 (2) by unreasonably restricting his voir dire of the jury, and
(3) by admitting evidence of the Louisiana conviction during the guilt/innocence phase of his trial
in violation of Article 38.37 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 38.37 (West 2018). We reversed the judgment of the trial court and remanded the
case for a new trial, finding that the trial court erred by unreasonably restricting Jacobs’ voir dire
and that such error was constitutional error and harmful. Jacobs v. State, 506 S.W.3d 127, 139–
40 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2016), rev’d & remanded, No. PD-1411-16,
2018 WL 4905292 (Tex.
Crim. App. Oct. 10, 2018). In that opinion, we declined to address Jacobs’ other issues.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals granted the State’s petition for discretionary review,
which conceded error, but challenged our finding that the error was of constitutional dimension.
1
Persons who were minors at the time of the offenses discussed in this opinion will be referenced by initials, and their
relatives will be referenced by pseudonyms. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.10.
2
See Act of April 7, 2011, 82d Leg., R.S., ch. 1, § 6.05, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 16 (amended 2015, 2017) (current
version at TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i)).
3
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i), (B) (West Supp. 2018).
4
The Louisiana conviction was for felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:80 (West,
Westlaw through 2018 3d E. Sess.).
2
Jacobs, 2018 WL 4905292, at *2. That Court interpreted Jacobs’ point of error to be that the trial
court violated his constitutional rights by unreasonably restricting his voir dire examination, held
that no constitutional violation occurred, 5 reversed our judgment, and remanded the case to this
Court to consider Jacobs’ remaining issues. Id. at *3, *6–7. Because we find that any error in
admitting evidence of the Louisiana conviction was harmless, we will affirm the trial court’s
judgment of conviction. However, because we find that the trial court erred in using the Louisiana
conviction to impose an automatic life sentence, we will reverse the trial court’s judgment as to
punishment, and we will remand this cause for a new hearing on punishment.
I. Any Error in Admitting Evidence of the Louisiana Conviction Was Harmless
In his third issue, Jacobs complains that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the
Louisiana conviction. 6 Jacobs argues that since Article 38.37 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure does not specifically allow the use of out-of-state convictions, out-of-state convictions
are not admissible during the guilt/innocence phase of the trial.
In a trial for certain listed sexual offenses involving child victims, Article 38.37,
Section (2)(b), allows the admission of “evidence that the defendant has committed a separate
offense described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) . . . in the trial . . . for any bearing the evidence has
on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant and acts performed in conformity
5
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that since Jacobs only asserted a constitutional violation, it was
unnecessary to address nonconstitutional voir dire error. Jacobs, 2018 WL 4905292, at *7.
6
At the hearing on his pretrial motion to exclude any evidence concerning his offense of felony carnal knowledge of
a juvenile, Jacobs made it clear to the trial court that he was seeking to exclude not only the Louisiana conviction, but
also any evidence that he had committed an offense, whether or not it resulted in a conviction. On appeal, Jacobs only
complains of the admission of evidence of the Louisiana conviction and only contends that the admission of the
Louisiana conviction was harmful to his case.
3
with the character of the defendant.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.37, § 2(2)(b).
Subsections (a)(1) and (2) list specific sections of the Texas Penal Code related to offenses for sex
trafficking of a child, continuous sexual abuse of a child or children, indecency with a child, sexual
assault of a child, aggravated sexual assault of a child, online solicitation of a minor, sexual
performance by a child, possession or promotion of child pornography, and an attempt or
conspiracy to commit one of these offenses. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.37, § (2)(a)(1),
(2). Jacobs points out that Texas’ other statutes that allow the use of convictions from other states
contain clauses allowing the use of those convictions only if they are substantially similar to the
listed Texas offenses. See, e.g., TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(B)(v) (West Supp. 2018);
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.003(a) (West 2018). He argues that since Article 38.37 does
not contain a similar clause, and since the Louisiana statute under which he was convicted is not
specifically listed in Article 38.37, his conviction under that statute was not admissible.
We need not address whether Article 38.37 allows the admission of out-of-state
convictions. Assuming, arguendo, that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the Louisiana
conviction, the error was harmless. Admitting evidence in violation of a rule of evidence is
considered nonconstitutional error. See Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 280 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010); Johnson v. State,
967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). We disregard
nonconstitutional error, unless it affects substantial rights of the defendant. TEX. R. APP. P.
44.2(b); Warr v. State,
418 S.W.3d 617, 621 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.). A conviction
will not be overturned for nonconstitutional error if, after examining the whole record, we have
4
“fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.” Morales v.
State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Johnson,
967 S.W.2d at 417).
In determining whether the jury’s decision was adversely influenced by the error, we
“consider everything in the record, including any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the
jury’s consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged
error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case.” Baxter v.
State, 66 S.W.3d 494, 499 (Tex. App.––Austin 2001, pets. ref’d); Warr,
418 S.W.3d at 621. We
may also consider the jury instructions, the parties’ theories, and closing arguments, if material to
the appellant’s claim. Baxter,
66 S.W.3d at 499; Warr,
418 S.W.3d at 621. Whether the State
emphasized the erroneous evidence may also be a factor. Motilla v. State,
78 S.W.3d 352, 356
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Improper admission of evidence is not reversible error if other
unchallenged evidence proves the same facts. Murphy v. State, 12-07-00368-CR,
2009 WL
2450990, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 12, 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication); Warr,
418 S.W.3d at 621 (citing Anderson v. State,
717 S.W.2d 622, 628 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986)).
Jacobs does not point us to any place in the record where evidence of the Louisiana
conviction was admitted into evidence in the guilt/innocent phase of the trial, and our independent
review of the record reveals no such evidence. There were two instances in which witnesses
referenced prior bad acts in Louisiana, but no evidence that he was convicted of those actions. The
first instance came at the conclusion of the testimony of B.H., the victim of Jacobs’ offense in
Louisiana, as follows:
5
Q. (BY MS. CRISP [Attorney for the State]): You did not testify in a
trial in Louisiana?
A. No, ma’am, I did not.
Q. Okay. Your understanding was it resulted in a conviction?
MR. WILLIAMS [Attorney for the Defendant]: Objection. It
would come from hearsay and --
MS. CRISP: She’s got to know how her case ended.
THE COURT: It’s overruled. If she knows the answer.
....
Q. (BY MS. CRISP) Are you aware if the case ended without a jury
trial?
A. Yes, ma’am.
Q. Okay. And the case was resolved through a plea bargain situation?
A. Yes, ma’am.
The second instance occurred when the officer who investigated the current offense responded
affirmatively when asked whether she became aware “of the prior of the State of Louisiana.”
However, in the rest of her testimony (about which Jacobs does not complain on appeal),
B.H. detailed how she met Jacobs through an online message from Jacobs while she was at the
library in Mooringsport, Louisiana. Although she told him she was only thirteen years old, he
arranged to meet her, and they walked to Caddo Lake, where they had sexual intercourse under a
bridge. She affirmed that his actions were with her consent and that Jacobs had not forced her,
obtaining her consent through neither threats nor violence.
6
In addition, K.R., who was thirteen years old at the time of trial, testified that when she
was twelve years old, she and her mother lived in the same house as Jacobs and his brother, Wayne.
On the night of November 25, 2015, her mother left her alone with Jacobs. She testified that while
she was alone with Jacobs, he put his mouth on her chest and his fingers in her private area. She
also testified that she was really scared and that thoughts were racing through her mind.
K.R.’s mother, Valerie, provided more detail. Valerie testified that she had known Jacobs
for twenty-one years and that she had previously been engaged in a romantic relationship with
Jacobs’ brother, Wayne. She testified that she left the house that evening to pick up Wayne and
that K.R. stayed with Jacobs for game night. While she was gone, Jacobs texted her and said that
game night had been cancelled. Some time later, K.R. texted her and said she needed her to come
home because Jacobs was being nasty. When she returned home, K.R. was scared, shaking, and
crying and told her that Jacobs had put his hand on her vagina. When the police arrived, K.R.
reported that Jacobs had shoved his fingers in her, K.R. indicating this by pointing at her breasts
and vagina. 7
Testimony also showed that in a forensic interview at the Children’s Advocacy Center
(CAC), K.R. told the interviewer that Jacobs put his hands inside her private and that it hurt. K.R.
reported the same thing to a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) on the night of the incident
and added that Jacobs had kissed her and licked her breasts. The SANE also reported that her
examination revealed redness and some swelling on K.R.’s right labia majora, consistent with
7
The policemen apparently then believed that they could testify about this means of revelation, but that they could not
repeat what she had told them verbally.
7
digital penetration. As a result of K.R.’s statement, the SANE swabbed K.R.’s breasts and vaginal
area. DNA analysis of those swabs showed that Jacobs could not be excluded as a major
contributor of the DNA collected from K.R.’s right nipple. Swabbing from Jacobs’ fingernail
clippings showed at least two contributors to the DNA collected, and neither Jacobs nor K.R. could
be excluded as contributors.
In its opening statement, the State mentioned briefly that Jacobs had been convicted in
Louisiana of a similar offense, but then concentrated on what happened with B.H. and that at the
time of the incident, B.H. was thirteen years old and Jacobs was twenty-six years old. In his
opening statement, Jacobs argued that he was not guilty of aggravated sexual assault, which
required penetration of some kind, but that if K.R.’s story was entirely true, he was guilty only of
indecency with a child by sexual contact, but not the charged offense. In its closing argument, the
State referred one time to Jacobs as a repeat offender. However, the great majority of its argument
regarded the facts of the current offense. Even its discussion of B.H.’s testimony was relatively
brief. Jacobs argued that the DNA evidence showed that Jacobs did not commit any offense and
that the State failed to prove that he had committed either the charged offense or a lesser-included
offense.
Under this record, we have a fair assurance that the brief testimonial references to the
Louisiana conviction had no influence, or but a slight effect, on the jury. The testimony showed
that K.R. made an immediate outcry that Jacobs had digitally penetrated her vagina and that it hurt.
In her subsequent statements to the CAC interviewer and the SANE, she was consistent in
complaining of the digital penetration and that it was painful. Further, the examination by the
8
SANE found physical evidence that was consistent with K.R.’s complaint. In addition, B.H.’s
testimony showed that Jacobs had previously committed similar acts on a different girl who was
about the same age as K.R. Considering the testimony as a whole, and the State’s lack of emphasis
on the Louisiana conviction, we are fairly assured that any error in admitting this evidence had
either no influence, or only a slight effect, on the jury. Consequently, we overrule Jacobs’ third
issue.
II. The Trial Court Erred in Using the Louisiana Conviction to Impose a Life Sentence
In his first issue, Jacobs complains that the trial court erred in using the Louisiana
conviction to enhance his punishment to life imprisonment under Section 12.42(c)(2) of the Texas
Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2) (West Supp. 2018). We agree.
A. Standard of Review
Under Section 12.42(c)(2) of the Texas Penal Code, a person convicted of certain sexual
offenses 8 who has previously been convicted for one of the sexual offenses listed in Section
12.42(c)(2)(B) of the Texas Penal Code must receive an automatic life sentence. TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(B); Anderson v. State, 394 S.W.3d 531, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
The automatic life sentence enhancement also applies when the “defendant has previously been
convicted of an offense . . . under the laws of another state containing elements that are
substantially similar to the elements of an [enumerated Texas] offense.” Anderson,
394 S.W.3d at
535 (quoting TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(B)(v)). In this case, the State argued (and the
8
Jacobs was convicted of aggravated sexual assault, which is included among the designated sexual offenses. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i) (West Supp. 2018).
9
trial court concurred with this argument) that the Louisiana statute under which Jacobs was
convicted—felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile 9—is substantially similar to Section 22.011 of
the Texas Penal Code regarding a child victim (the Texas sexual assault/child victim statute). 10
Since the trial court’s “substantially similar” finding is a question of law, it is subject to our de
novo review. Hardy v. State, 187 S.W.3d 232, 236 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d).
B. The Prudholm Process
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals first set forth a two-prong analysis for determining
if an out-of-state sexual offense contains elements that are substantially similar to a listed Texas
sexual offense in Prudholm v. State. Prudholm v. State, 333 S.W.3d 590, 594–95 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011); Anderson, 394 S.W.3d at 535–36. First, we compare the elements of the out-of-state
statute and the listed Texas statute, which “must display a high degree of likeness.” Prudholm,
333 S.W.3d at 594; Anderson,
394 S.W.3d at 535. The elements do not have to be identical “and
need not parallel one another precisely.” Anderson,
394 S.W.3d at 535. Further, it is not required
that “a person who is guilty of an out-of-state sexual offense would necessarily be guilty of a Texas
sexual offense.”
Id. at 536. However, “the out-of-state offense cannot be markedly broader than
or distinct from the Texas prohibited conduct.”
Id.
Under the second prong, “the ‘elements must be substantially similar with respect to the
individual or public interests protected and the impact of the elements on the seriousness of the
offenses.’” Id. (quoting Prudholm,
333 S.W.3d at 595). In this two-step analysis, we “first
9
See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:80 (West, Westlaw through 2018 3d E. Sess.).
10
See Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 528, § 1, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 1805, 1806 (amended 2005, 2009,
2017) (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.011(a)(2)).
10
determine if there is a ‘similar danger to society’ that the two statute[s are] trying to prevent.” Id.
(quoting Prudholm, 333 S.W.3d at 595 n.21). We “then determine if the class, degree, and
punishment range of the two offenses are substantially similar.”
Id. Significantly,
if another out-of-state offense (rape, for example) more closely mirrors the Texas
offense (sexual assault, for example), but “specifically excludes” the compared out-of-state offense (sexual battery, for example), this indicates that the other out-of-state offense (rape), not the compared one (sexual battery), is substantially similar
to the Texas one.
Id. at 536–37 (citing Prudholm,
333 S.W.3d at 599).
Since no single factor is dispositive, we “must weigh all factors before making a
determination.” Id. at 537. Further, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has cautioned that the
“determination must be made with sensitivity because the defendant is subject to an automatic life
sentence.” Id. Since the automatic enhancement to life imprisonment “applies only to specifically
listed serious sex offenses, . . . courts must be careful to ensure that the out-of-state offense truly
is ‘substantially similar’ to those serious Texas sex offenses that call for an automatic life-
imprisonment enhancement.” Id.
C. Analysis
Jacobs was convicted in Louisiana of “Felony Carnal Knowledge of a Juvenile.” In
relevant part, the Louisiana statute provides:
A. Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is committed when:
(1) A person who is seventeen years of age or older has sexual intercourse, with
consent, with a person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than seventeen
years of age, when the victim is not the spouse of the offender and when the
difference between the age of the victim and the age of the offender is four years or
greater; . . .
11
....
B. As used in this Section, “sexual intercourse” means anal, oral, or vaginal
sexual intercourse.
C. Lack of knowledge of the juvenile’s age shall not be a defense. Emission
is not necessary, and penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete the
crime.
LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:80(A)(1), (B), (C). It appears that oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse all
require some penetration, but are otherwise not defined in the statute. 11 Felony carnal knowledge
of a juvenile is punishable by a fine of up to $5,000.00, or imprisonment for not more than ten
years, or both. LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:80(D)(1).
The State has contended (both at trial and on appeal) that the elements of this offense are
substantially similar to those of the Texas offense of “Sexual Assault/Child Victim.” At the time,
that statute provided:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person:
....
(2) intentionally or knowingly:
(A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of
a child by any means;
(B) causes the penetration of the mouth of a child by the
sexual organ of the actor;
(C) causes the sexual organ of a child to contact or
penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person,
including the actor;
11
Oral sexual intercourse is defined in the Louisiana rape statute, but that definition is limited to Part II, Subpart C, of
the Criminal Code, entitled “Rape and Sexual Battery.” See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:41(C)(1), (2) (West, Westlaw
current through 2018 3d E. Sess). Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is contained in Part V, Subpart A, of the
Criminal Code, entitled “Offenses Affecting Sexual Immorality.” See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:80.
12
(D) causes the anus of a child to contact the mouth, anus,
or sexual organ of another person, including the actor; or
(E) causes the mouth of a child to contact the anus or
sexual organ of another person, including the actor.
Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 528, § 1, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 1805, 1806 (amended
2005, 2009, 2017). A person younger than seventeen years of age is defined as a child. TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(c)(1) (West Supp. 2018). Further, it is an affirmative defense if it is
shown that at the time of the offense, the actor is the spouse of the victim, or the actor, inter alia,
was no more than three years older than the victim and the victim, inter alia, was fourteen years
of age or older. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(e)(1), (2) (West Supp. 2018).
1. Is There a High Degree of Likeness?
The acts proscribed by both of these statutes are somewhat similar. Both statutes proscribe
the penetration, however slight, of the child’s anus, sexual organ, or mouth by the sexual organ of
the actor, and vice versa. The two statutes are not identical. For instance, the Texas statute
contains additional proscribed acts (such as digital or other means of penetration of the child’s
anus or sexual organ and the touching of the anus or genitals of the child with the mouth of the
actor, and vice versa). Further, the Louisiana statute applies only when the victim is between
thirteen and sixteen years of age and when the perpetrator is at least seventeen years of age and
four or more years older than the victim. Taking into account the available affirmative defenses,
the Texas statute applies differently depending on the age of the victim and the perpetrator. When
the victim is thirteen years of age or younger, the statute applies regardless of the age of the
perpetrator. But when the victim is at least fourteen years of age, but less than seventeen years of
13
age, the statute only applies if the perpetrator is more than three years older than the victim. This
latter age category is substantially similar to the applicable ages under the Louisiana statute. See
Prudholm, 333 S.W.3d at 593–94 (citing a one-year age difference in the requisite age of the victim
as an example of elements that are substantially similar, but not identical). Finally, the Louisiana
statute only applies in instances of consensual sexual intercourse, whereas the Texas statute applies
irrespective of the victim’s consent. Thus, the Texas statute applies to a broader range of acts and
ages. However, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has indicated that it is only when the out-
of-state statute is significantly broader in scope that this prong is negatively impacted. Anderson,
394 S.W.3d at 535. Nevertheless, these differences may impact our analysis under the second
prong.
Even though there are differences in the two statutes, where the statutes parallel, they both
proscribe similar acts and they apply to victims and perpetrators of substantially similar ages. We
find that this prong weighs slightly in favor of a finding that the elements are substantially similar.
2. What Are the Individual or Public Interests Protected and What is the
Impact of the Elements on the Seriousness of the Offense?
The second prong of the Prudholm analysis requires that “(1) the ‘individual or public
interest protected’ are substantially similar, and (2) the ‘impact of the elements on the seriousness
of the offense’ is substantially similar.” Anderson, 394 S.W.3d at 539.
a. The Interests Protected
As noted earlier, the Louisiana statute only applies to consensual sexual intercourse.
Louisiana distinguishes this conduct from nonconsensual sexual intercourse, which is proscribed
in its rape statutes. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 14:42–:43 (West, Westlaw through 2018 3d E.
14
Sess.). The felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile statute is contained in Part V, Subpart A, of the
Louisiana Criminal Code. Part V is entitled “Offenses Affecting the Public Morals,” and
Subpart A is entitled “Offenses Affecting Sexual Immorality.” See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:80.
In addition, the Supreme Court of Louisiana has noted,
The policy underlying [the felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile] statute is a
presumption that, because of their innocence and immaturity, juveniles are
prevented from appreciating the full magnitude and consequences of their actions.
At the heart of these types of statutes is the concern that juveniles should not be
exploited for sexual purposes regardless of their “consent.”
State v. Granier, 765 So.2d 998, 1001 (La. 2000). Thus, the Louisiana statute recognizes that as
children in their early and middle teenage years begin to mature sexually, their emotional and
societal maturity may be lacking, making them vulnerable to corrupting influences. It appears that
the purpose of this statute is to protect children from sexual exploitation that may result from their
immature choices and to help preserve their morals and those of the public. In contrast, the Texas
sexual assault/child victim statute, like the Louisiana rape statutes, seeks to provide “protection
from the severe physical and psychological trauma of rape.” Prudholm,
333 S.W.3d at 599.
Further, it appears that under the Louisiana legislative scheme, felony carnal knowledge of a
juvenile, like the conduct proscribed in the Louisiana sexual battery statute, encompasses conduct
that falls short of actual rape. See State v. Schenck,
513 So.2d 1159, 1162 (La. 1987).
b. The Impact of the Elements on the Seriousness of the Offense
Sexual assault in Texas is generally characterized as a second-degree felony that is
punishable by no less than two nor more than twenty years’ imprisonment and a fine not to exceed
$10,000.00. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.33 (West 2011), § 22.011(f) (West Supp. 2018). In
15
Louisiana, felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is punishable by a fine up to $5,000.00, or
imprisonment “with or without hard labor” for up to ten years, or both. LA. REV. STAT. ANN.
§ 14:80(D)(1). Although both states’ offenses are felonies, Texas’ punishment range for
essentially the same crime is much more severe. A sexual assault conviction in Texas can result
in a minimum prison sentence of two years and a maximum of twenty years and may also result
in a fine of up to $10,000.00. In contrast, a conviction for felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile
in Louisiana may only result in a fine up to $5,000.00, or it may result in imprisonment with no
minimum and up to a maximum of ten years.
In our Prudholm analysis, we also consider other relevant Louisiana statutes that may more
closely mirror the Texas sexual assault/child victim statute. See Anderson, 394 S.W.3d at 536–37
(citing Prudholm, 333 S.W.3d at 599). The Louisiana rape statute defines “rape” as “the act of
anal, oral, or vaginal sexual intercourse with a male or female person committed without the
person’s lawful consent.” LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:41(A) (West, Westlaw current through 2018
3d E. Sess). Under the Louisiana rape statutes “oral sexual intercourse” means “(1) [t]he touching
of the anus or genitals of the victim by the offender using the mouth or tongue of the offender [or]
(2) [t]he touching of the anus or genitals of the offender by the victim using the mouth or tongue
of the victim.” LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:41(C)(1), (2). Thus, the Louisiana rape statutes contain
elements substantially similar to the mouth to anus or sexual organ contact proscribed by the Texas
sexual assault/child victim statute. These elements are not present in the felony carnal knowledge
of a juvenile statute. Further, in Louisiana, third-degree rape is punishable by imprisonment at
hard labor for not more than twenty-five years. LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:43(B). Thus, Louisiana
16
punishes rape more severely than felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile, and its punishment for
rape is more in line with that imposed under the Texas sexual assault/child victim statute. In
addition, the Louisiana first-degree rape statute applies when anal, oral, or sexual intercourse is
deemed to be without the lawful consent of the victim, including when the victim is under thirteen
years of age. LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 14:42(A)(4). This comports with the broader scope of the
Texas sexual assault/child victim statute that applies to victims under fourteen years of age or
younger, without regard to either consent or the age of the perpetrator. As a whole, the elements,
degrees, and punishment ranges of the Louisiana rape statutes “more closely mirror” the Texas
sexual assault/child victim statute. See Anderson, 394 S.W.3d at 536–37; see also Castle v. State,
402 S.W.3d 895, 906 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (finding that the Louisiana
rape statutes more closely mirror the Texas sexual assault statute than the Louisiana sexual battery
statute).
Since the interests sought to be protected by the two compared statutes, and the impact of
the elements, are markedly different, and since the Louisiana rape statutes more closely mirror the
Texas sexual assault/child victim statute, we find that this prong weighs heavily against a finding
that the elements are substantially similar.
After considering each of the Prudholm factors, we conclude that the elements of the
Louisiana offense of felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile and the Texas offense of sexual
assault/child victim are not substantially similar. Therefore, we find that the trial court erred in
finding that Jacobs’ prior Louisiana conviction for felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is
17
substantially similar to the Texas offense of sexual assault/child victim and in sentencing Jacobs
to an automatic sentence of life imprisonment. We sustain Jacobs’ first issue.
Since the trial court imposed an automatic life sentence rather than considering the full
range of punishment for Jacobs’ conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child under fourteen
years of age, we remand to the trial court for a new sentencing hearing.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction, but we reverse
the trial court’s judgment as to punishment and remand this cause to the trial court for a new
punishment hearing.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: November 6, 2018
Date Decided: November 30, 2018
Publish
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