United States v. Constantine’s Empirical Analysis
567 F.2d 266 · 1977
Citation profile
16 federal appellate · 1 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 30 later decisions — most recently July 2002 · most notably United States v. Lender (1993), United States v. Trullo (1987)
16 federal appellate · 1 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Brignoni-Ponce · United States v. Hall · United States v. Magda · United States v. Bull
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 30 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'an area's disposition toward criminal activity is an articulable fact'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the police officer (can) point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene, guided by his experience and training.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. State v. Thompson
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.