In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
________________________
No. 07-17-00460-CR
No. 07-17-00461-CR
________________________
DAVID BLAKE TURNER, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 47th District Court
Randall County, Texas
Trial Court No. 26,096-A; Honorable Dan L. Schaap, Presiding
April 2, 2019
OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Appellant, David Blake Turner, appeals his two jury convictions for the offense of
continuous sexual abuse,1 and the trial court imposed concurrent sentences of forty-five
1 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b) (West Supp. 2018). An offense under this section is a felony
of the first degree, punishable by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for
any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years. § 21.02(h).
years. By two issues, Appellant contends (1) the evidence was insufficient to establish
the alleged acts of sexual abuse occurred over the time span required by section 21.02
of the Texas Penal Code and (2) the court’s charge failed to properly instruct the jury. We
affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant was charged by indictment with two counts of continuous sexual
abuse—one count as to each of two victims, S.E.H. and S.H. (twin sisters)—alleged to
have been committed from on or about June 1, 2013 until August 1, 2013. The indictment
alleged that, in each instance, the victim was a child younger than fourteen years of age
and that each offense was committed by engaging in two or more acts of sexual abuse,
as to each victim, committed in three alternative ways: (1) by touching the genitals of
each victim, (2) by causing the penetration of each victim’s sexual organ by Appellant’s
finger, and (3) by causing the sexual organ of the victim to contact Appellant’s sexual
organ. Appellant pleaded not guilty to both counts and his case was tried to a jury. After
the jury returned a verdict of guilty as to each count, Appellant elected to have the trial
court assess his punishment. The trial court assessed his sentence at forty-five years in
prison for each count and did not assess a fine. The sentences were ordered to be served
concurrently.
Appellant argues the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
continuous sexual abuse because “there was no more than a mere modicum of evidence
that at least two acts of sexual abuse occurred over an interval spanning 30 days or
more.” He also argues that he was egregiously harmed because the charge of the court
2
did not require the jury to find that he committed two or more acts of sexual abuse over a
period of at least thirty days.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The only standard recognized by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in reviewing
the sufficiency of the evidence necessary to support each element of a criminal offense
the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt is the standard set forth in
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,
99 S. Ct. 2781,
61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). See
Adames v. State,
353 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Brooks v. State,
323
S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). In determining whether the evidence is legally
sufficient to support a conviction, this court considers all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and determines whether, based on that evidence and reasonable
inferences to be drawn therefrom, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Queeman v. State,
520 S.W.3d 616,
623 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).
The fact finder is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight
to be given to their testimonies, and a reviewing court must defer to those determinations
and not usurp the fact finder’s role by substituting its judgment for that of the jury. Id.
(citing Montgomery v. State,
369 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)). In doing so,
we give deference to the responsibility of the fact finder to fairly resolve conflicts in
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to
ultimate facts. Jenkins v. State,
493 S.W.3d 583, 599 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Faced
with a record supporting contradicting inferences, a reviewing court must presume that
the fact finder resolved any such conflicts in favor of the verdict, even if not explicitly
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stated in the record. Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622. Each fact need not point directly and
independently to the appellant’s guilt, as long as the cumulative force of all the
incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Jenkins,
493 S.W.3d
at 599. “The duty of the reviewing court is simply to ensure that the evidence presented
supports the jury’s verdict and that the State has presented a legally sufficient case of the
offense charged.” Queeman,
520 S.W.3d at 621. “Under this standard, evidence may
be legally insufficient when the record contains either no evidence of an essential
element, merely a modicum of evidence of one element, or if it conclusively establishes
a reasonable doubt.” Britain v. State,
412 S.W.3d 518, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing
Jackson,
443 U.S. at 320).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured against the elements of the offense
as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 8
(Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Malik v. State,
953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997)). Such a charge would be one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by
the indictment, does not unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of guilt, and adequately
describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Gollihar v. State,
46
S.W.3d 243, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Malik,
953 S.W.2d at 240. In our review, we
must evaluate all of the evidence in the record, both direct and circumstantial, regardless
of whether that evidence was properly or improperly admitted. Jenkins,
493 S.W.3d at
599; Clayton v. State,
235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in this case, we are mindful that in the
prosecution of an offense under chapter 21 of the Texas Penal Code, the uncorroborated
testimony of a child sexual abuse victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction for
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either the offense of continuous sexual abuse or the underlying predicate offenses of
indecency with a child or sexual assault. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07(a),
(b)(1) (West Supp. 2018); Chasco v. State, No. 07-17-00243-CR, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS
234, at *6 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 15, 2019, pet. filed March 18, 2019) (mem. op., not
designated for publication); Garner v. State,
523 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2017, no pet.). Courts give wide latitude to the testimony of child sexual abuse victims;
see Villalon v. State,
791 S.W.2d 130, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), and a child victim’s
description of what happened and when it occurred need not be expressed with the same
level of sophistication and detail that an adult might use. Soto v. State,
267 S.W.3d 327,
332 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.). Furthermore, corroboration of the child
victim’s testimony by medical or physical evidence is not required.
Id. The mens rea and
requisite specific intent of the accused can be inferred from the defendant’s conduct, his
remarks, and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense. McKenzie
v . State,
617 S.W.2d 211, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).
CONTINUOUS SEXUAL ABUSE
A person commits the offense of continuous sexual abuse if (1) during a period
that is thirty or more days in duration, (2) the person commits two or more acts of “sexual
abuse,” and (3) at the time of the commission of each act of sexual abuse, the actor is
seventeen years of age or older, and the victim is a child younger than fourteen years of
age. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b)(1), (2) (West Supp. 2018). For purposes of this
offense, an “act of sexual abuse” includes (a) touching, including touching through
clothing, of the genitals of the child victim, if committed with the intent to arouse or gratify
the sexual desire of any person, (b) causing the penetration of the victim’s sexual organ
5
by any means, and (3) causing the sexual organ of the victim to contact the sexual organ
of the actor. See generally § 21.02(c)(2), (3) (incorporating section 21.11(a)(1),
indecency with a child, and section 22.011, sexual assault, as the underlying predicate
offenses).
ANALYSIS
Here, the victims described the first incident of sexual abuse as having occurred
“in the middle of June” 2013, in Portales, New Mexico, when they were left alone in the
overnight care of Appellant while their mother returned a younger half-sister to her father.
At the time, both girls were eleven. On that occasion, both girls were watching television
in Appellant’s bedroom when he came in and lay down between them. During the course
of the evening, Appellant touched the genitals of both victims, both over and under their
clothing. When the victims’ mother returned the next day, nothing was said about the
incident. While the State did not rely upon this out-of-state offense as an offense for
purposes of proving any element of the offense of continuous sexual abuse, 2 it was
offered for purposes of showing Appellant’s plan or motive as, on that occasion, he
positioned himself between the two girls as they were lying down together, the same as
he did during subsequent offenses.
Appellant and the victims’ mother were later married on June 26th, and he began
living with them in Randall County. According to the testimony of S.E.H., the things that
happened in Portales, also began happening in Randall County, at the “beginning of July.”
She also testified that the abuse continued both “before and after” July 4th. Specifically,
2 See Lee v. State, 537 S.W.3d 924, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (holding that because the statutory
definition of “sexual abuse” requires acts that are a violation of Texas law, an out-of-state act will not support
a conviction for continuous sexual abuse).
6
S.E.H. testified about a subsequent incident when Appellant called her into the bedroom
and instructed her to get on top of him. On this occasion, he rubbed the area of his penis
against the area of her vagina, while clothed, for a period of ten to fifteen minutes.
Although this incident was “subsequent” to the earlier July incident, S.E.H. was unable to
tie it to any specific date.
S.E.H. also recalled a fourth incident that occurred during the evening hours of
July 31st, or the early morning hours of August 1st, when she and her sister were in a
shared bed. That night, Appellant came into their bedroom and got in bed between them.
According to S.E.H., Appellant “took my pants off and his boxers and tried to put his dick
in my vagina.” She testified that while he was moving back and forth, trying to penetrate
her, she “wouldn’t let him because [she] squeezed [her] legs together . . . .” S.E.H. further
testified that at some point, Appellant turned his attention from her to her sister and it
appeared he did [“similar”] things to her. While S.E.H. was able to specifically identify the
date as being the late evening hours of July 31st or the early morning hours of August
1st, S.H. was unable to tie the incident to any specific date. S.H. did, however, testify
that Appellant engaged in substantially similar conduct with her.
Although the exact dates of each act of sexual abuse need not be proven, the
offense of continuous sexual abuse does incorporate a time component as an element
of the offense. That component requires that the State establish, beyond a reasonable
doubt, that the last act of sexual abuse occurred on or after the twenty-ninth day after the
day the first act of sexual abuse occurred. See § 21.02(b)(1) (criminalizing conduct
committed “during a period that is 30 or more days in duration”); Hines v. State, 551
S.W.3d 771, 776 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017, no pet.) (finding continuous sexual abuse
7
requires that the last act of sexual abuse occur on at least the twenty-ninth day after the
day of the first act of sexual abuse); Williams v. State, 305 S.W.3d 886, 890-91 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.) (holding that the State must prove two acts of sexual
abuse “committed over a span of thirty or more days”). While jury unanimity is required
as to the essential elements of the offense, “members of the jury are not required to agree
unanimously on which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by the defendant or
the exact date when those acts were committed,” so long as they unanimously agree that
“the defendant, during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or more
acts of sexual abuse.” See § 21.02(d).
By his first issue, Appellant contends the first act of sexual abuse “that happened
in Amarillo” was the incident described as having happened “around July 4th.” He
contends that because his long-haul driving record log shows he was out of town on July
1st, the earliest that event could have happened was July 2nd or July 3rd. He then posits
that because the last act of sexual abuse was identified as having occurred on July 31st
or August 1st, then the period of duration could not have been thirty or more days. While
the State admits that “it’s close,” Appellant’s argument fails to account for the possibility
that the jury believed the first and last acts of sexual abuse occurred during “a period that
is thirty or more days in duration.” Because the evidence supports a reasonable
conclusion that Appellant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse over a period that
lasted thirty or more days, issue one is overruled.
By his second issue, Appellant contends the charge of the court failed to require
the jury to unanimously find that two or more acts of sexual abuse occurred over a period
that was thirty or more days in duration. He further argues the jury was unreasonably
8
confused by the introduction of evidence of the sexual abuse that occurred out of state
more than thirty days prior to the last act of sexual abuse. In support of his argument,
Appellant relies upon Smith v. State, 340 S.W.3d 41 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2011, no pet.). In Smith, the court of appeals found the trial court’s charge to be
erroneous because it allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty so long as two or more
acts of sexual abuse occurred during a specified period that was more than thirty days in
duration, regardless of whether the acts themselves occurred at least thirty days apart.
Id. at 50. (Emphasis added). There, the application paragraph provided as follows:
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or
about the 1st day of December, 2007, through the 1st day of September,
2008, which said time period being a period that was 30 days or more in
duration, in Brazoria County, Texas, the defendant, Jesse James Smith,
committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against [the complainant], said
acts of sexual abuse having been violations of one or more of the following:
[two acts of aggravated sexual assault are particularly described], then you
will find the defendant guilty of the offense of Continuous Sexual Assault of
a Child, as alleged in Count One of the indictment.
Id. (Emphasis in original). Based on this application paragraph, the court held:
The precise phrasing in the application paragraph does not specifically
require a finding that the last act of sexual abuse occurred on at least the
29th day after the day of the first act. Rather, it allows a finding of guilt if two
or more acts of sexual abuse occurred “on or about the 1st day of
December, 2007, through the 1st day of September, 2008, which said time
period being a period that was 30 days or more in duration.” This instruction
lacks clarity in that, read literally, it allowed the jury to find appellant guilty
so long as two or more acts of sexual abuse occurred between December
2007 and September 2008, regardless of whether the acts occurred at least
30 days apart.
Id.
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Appellant argues that, like the application paragraph in Smith, the application
paragraph in the underlying case contains the same error because it confuses the
statutorily required thirty-day period for continuous sexual abuse with the “on or about”
periods alleged with respect to commission of the predicate offenses. Here, the
application paragraph provides:
Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you unanimously believe
from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant, DAVID
BLAKE TURNER, on or about June 1, 2013 through August 1, 2013, in the
County of Randall, and State of Texas, during a period that was 30 days or
more in duration and when the Defendant was 17 years of age or older, did
intentionally or knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against
[victim], a child younger than 14 years of age, namely the following acts:
[predicate acts described].
In Jimenez v. State, No. 07-13-00303-CR, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 10951, at *14-
15 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 26, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication), this court encountered a virtually identical issue. There, we held that the
charge was erroneous because it suggested to the jury that the thirty-day requirement
was met if the jury found the accused committed two or more acts at any time during the
period stated in the indictment, regardless of whether the acts continued for a period of
at least thirty days.
Id.
In its arguments before this court, the State strongly argues that this application
paragraph should be found to conform to the statutory requirements of the offense of
continuous sexual assault because it “tracks the language of the statute.” Unfortunately,
the State’s argument relies too heavily upon the assumption that the statute itself is an
example of clarity. Broken down into its component parts, the application paragraph used
in this case does nothing more than the application paragraph in Jimenez, by requiring
10
that (1) during a given period of thirty days or more (2) the defendant intentionally or
knowingly committed two or more acts of sexual abuse. While someone with an
understanding of the statute might argue that this provision is clear, the express language
used does not make it clear that the first and last acts must occur thirty or more days
apart. Like Jimenez, because the application paragraph here suggests to the jury that
the thirty-day requirement was met if it found Appellant committed two or more acts during
a period of thirty days or more, it was erroneous.
Because Appellant did not object to the charge in this case, we turn to a
determination of whether the error was egregiously harmful to Appellant. Villarreal v.
State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (holding that the degree of harm
required for reversal depends on whether the error was preserved). When, as here, the
error is not preserved, reversal is required only if there was “egregious harm,” i.e., the
error created such harm that the accused was deprived of a fair and impartial trial.
Id.
(citing Almanza v. State,
686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)).
Charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the
defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Villarreal,
453 S.W.3d
at 433. Egregious harm is a “high and difficult standard” to meet, and such a
determination must be “borne out by the trial record.”
Id. (citing Reeves v. State,
420
S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). In situations where we consider egregious
harm, we will not reverse a conviction unless the defendant suffered “actual rather than
theoretical harm.” Villarreal,
453 S.W.3d at 433 (citing Cosio v. State,
353 S.W.3d 766,
777 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). In considering the egregious nature of the harm being
analyzed, we consider (1) the entirety of the jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence,
11
including any contested issues and the weight of probative evidence, (3) the arguments
of counsel, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the trial record as a whole.
Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433 (citing Almanza,
686 S.W.2d at 171).
In the context of the entirety of the jury charge, the erroneous wording of the
application paragraph is not so outrageous as to be considered egregious in and of itself.
As noted by the State, the application paragraph does “track” the statute. While this
consideration alone is not enough to say that error was not egregious, it does mitigate
against a finding in that regard.3
As to the state of the evidence presented and its probative weight, here, the jury
heard the mutually confirming testimony of two witnesses. While it might be argued that
the testimony of one witness lacks the specificity of the other witness, the fact that both
witnesses told the same general story substantially increases the weight and probative
value of both witnesses’ testimony. Furthermore, substantial parts of their testimony were
corroborated by the testimony of the victims’ mother and the SANE nurse.
The factor most strongly favoring a finding that the error was not egregious is a
consideration of the arguments of counsel. Here, the State went to great lengths to
explain to the jury that they were not to consider the allegations of sexual abuse occurring
3 That being said, we would encourage trial judges to consider language that does not track the
statute, where it might be said the use of alternative language clarifies the elements of the offense. For
example, an application paragraph could be worded as follows:
Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you unanimously believe from the
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant, __________, on or about
[beginning date] through [ending date], in the County of _________, and State of Texas,
during a period when the Defendant was 17 years of age or older, did intentionally or
knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against [victim], a child younger than
14 years of age, namely the following acts: [predicate acts described], and the last act of
sexual abuse occurred on or after the twenty-ninth day after the day the first act of sexual
abuse occurred.
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in New Mexico for purposes of determining Appellant’s guilt or innocence. The prosecutor
laid out the issue and explained to the jury as follows:
Now, we talked about continuous and . . . we talked a lot here about 30 days
or more. Okay. In this case it’s close. It’s very close. Okay. We had S.E.H.
sit up there and said - - the first incident that happened in Amarillo was
before July 4th. Remember that? And we even introduced a calendar, July
2013, for you to reference.
We know [Appellant] came back that Tuesday and we know he was there
Wednesday and Thursday, and Thursday is the 4th. So before the 4th,
early July, those are the dates we are dealing with. And then she talked
about . . . that last event and that was mentioned on the SANE. And on the
SANE it says July 31st and it also says August 1st, right, because they don’t
know when during the night he crawled in bed with them and put his penis
on them and touched them. They just know it happened. They don’t know
exactly [when] during the night it happened, because he was in bed with
them the whole night.
That gives you 30 days. Okay. If you use the 2nd to the 31st or the 3rd to
the 1st. It’s close. But it gives you 30 dates [sic], and you have evidence
of that.
Based upon a consideration of these factors, we cannot say that the error in the
application paragraph of the Court’s Charge was egregious. Issue two is overruled.
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Publish.
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