United States v. Smith’s Empirical Analysis
574 F.2d 882 · 1978
Citation profile
35 federal appellate · 14 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 59 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently February 2016 · most notably Florida v. Royer (1983), United States v. Sokolow (1989)
35 federal appellate · 14 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Wong Sun v. United States · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Chimel v. California · Adams v. Williams
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 59 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"We agree with the conclusion of the district judge that the `drug courier profile,' by itself, provides no probable cause to arrest an individual. In addition, while a set of facts may arise in which the existence of certain profile characteristics constitutes reasonable suspicion, the circumstances of this case do not provide `specific and articulable facts which taken together with rational inferences from these facts, reasonably warrant[ed] `the intrusion of an investigatory stop.'." [emphasis added]”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the characteristics of the drug courier profile are not alone enough to provide probable cause to arrest nor necessarily enough to create a reasonable suspicion to stop under Terry.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The rationale behind allowing frisks is to permit the officer to take reasonable precautions for his own safety consistent with the detainee's fourth amendment interests.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.