Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside’s Empirical Analysis
578 F.3d 203 · 2009
Citation profile
41 federal appellate · 185 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 933 later decisions — most recently June 2025 · most notably Santiago v. Warminster Township (2010), Swanson v. Citibank, N.A. (2010)
41 federal appellate · 185 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 28 U.S.C. § 1331 · 28 U.S.C. § 1658 · 29 U.S.C. § 705 · 29 U.S.C. § 794 · 29 U.S.C. § 794A · 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (§ 2 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12111 (§ 101 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990)
Relies on Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly · Ashcroft v. Iqbal · Conley v. Gibson · Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A. · Wilson v. Garcia
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 933 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“First, the factual and legal elements of a claim should be separated. The district court must accept all of the complaint’s well-pleaded facts as true, but may disregard any legal conclusions. Second, a district court must then determine whether the facts alleged in the complaint are sufficient to show that the plaintiff has a ‘plausible claim for relief.’”
162 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[SJtating ... a claim requires a complaint with enough factual matter (taken as true) to suggest the required element. This does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage, but instead simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary element.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a plaintiff to plead more than the possibility of relief to survive a motion to dismiss.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.