Class v. United States’s Empirical Analysis
2018
Citation profile
32 federal appellate · 2 district · 53 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 157 later decisions (4 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2026 · most notably Estate of Ford v. Ramirez-Palmer (2002), United States v. St. Hubert (2018)
32 federal appellate · 2 district · 53 state decisions — followed in 14 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3231 · 28 U.S.C. § 2072 · 28 U.S.C. § 2074 · 40 U.S.C. § 5104
Relies on Boykin v. Alabama · Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment · Brady v. United States · McMann v. Richardson · McCarthy v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 157 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[a] valid guilty plea ... renders irrelevant-and thereby prevents [a] defendant from appealing-the constitutionality of case-related government conduct that takes place before the plea is entered.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“whether a guilty plea by itself bars a federal criminal defendant from challenging the constitutionality of the statute of conviction on direct appeal.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“call[s] into question the Government's power to 'constitutionally prosecute' him,”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.