Ray v. Turner’s Empirical Analysis
587 F.2d 1187 · 1978
Citation profile
110 federal appellate · 77 district · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 255 later decisions — most recently June 2025 · most notably Military Audit Project v. Casey (1981), Weisberg v. U.S. Department of Justice (1984)
110 federal appellate · 77 district · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 50 U.S.C. § 401 (§ 2 of the National Security Act of 1947) · 50 U.S.C. § 403 (§ 102 of the National Security Act of 1947) · 50 U.S.C. § 403G (Servicemembers Civil Relief Act) · 5 U.S.C. § 1002 · 5 U.S.C. § 552 (Freedom of Information Act)
Relies on Department of the Air Force v. Rose · United States v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan · Environmental Protection Agency v. Mink · National Labor Relations Board v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co. · Vaughn v. Rosen
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 255 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he ultimate criterion is simply ... [w]hether the district judge believes that in camera inspection is needed in order to make a responsible de novo determination on the claims of exemption.”
14 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he conferees recognize that the Executive departments responsible for national defense and foreign policy matters have unique insights into what adverse affects [sic] might occur as a result of public disclosure of a particular classified record. Accordingly, the conferees expect that Federal courts, in making de novo determinations in section 552(b)(1) cases under the Freedom of Information law, will accord substantial weight to an agency’s affidavit concerning the details of the classified status of the disputed record.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(A) specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive Order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive Order.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.